張栻思想演變問題新探──以心地工夫意指所向之本體義為考察核心

A New Study on the Evolution of Zhang Shi’s Thought: With a Focus on What Is Really Signified by His Notion of Spiritual Cultivation

歷代學者褒貶張栻晚年工夫論演變之依據，多以朱熹回憶及其所整理的文集資料來作評論，文獻範圍有所局限。為能凸顯張栻儒學的思想特色與學術源流，本文採取發展的角度，以其理論核心《孟子說》為準，提出新資料《太極解義》為證，考察張栻近似程頤、朱熹的心地工夫，內涵實為程顥之學。張栻治心之嚴格基調，使他容易接受周敦頤與程頤之學，但其心論結構之道德涵義與簡易特色，主要仍為胡宏影響。以心地工夫意指所向之本體義，作為工夫論實質轉變與否之思想關鍵，張栻由察識本心轉向主一之敬，修養形式雖有變化，實質內涵還是體會道德心活動，此察識、展現惻隱之心的核心意義，未隨朱熹有實質變化。

"Past scholarship on how Zhang Shi’s late theory of spiritual cultivation evolved typically focused on Zhu Xi’s recounting of Zhang’s views and the collection of Zhang’s writings as edited by Zhu. Such a focus is relatively narrow. To better highlight the distinctive features of Zhang’s Confucian thought and its sources, this paper adopts a developmental perspective. In particular, the paper offers an interpretation based on Mengzi shuo, Zhang’s magnum opus, and Taiji jieyi, a new collection of Zhang’s writings. On this interpretation, though the received view is that Zhang’s late theory of spiritual cultivation is closer to Cheng Yi’s and Zhu Xi’s, in its essence the theory is actually inspired by Cheng Hao. To be sure, there is affinity between Zhang’s theory and those developed by Zhou Dunyi and Cheng Yi, and the affinity results from Zhang’s commitment to the strict discipline of the mind. However, the structure of Zhang’s theory of the moral mind makes it clear that the theory is based on Hu Hong’s teachings. The theory features the simplicity and the ethical concerns that also characterize Hu’s view. In light of these points, this paper examines the evolution of Zhang’s theory, paying particular attention to what is really signified by his notion of the discipline of the mind. Though it may seem that spiritual cultivation has taken on a different form when one moves from experiencing the moral mind to concentrating on jing (respect), the essence of spiritual cultivation remains identical. Throughout the trajectory of Zhang Shi’s developing thought, spiritual cultivation consists in experiencing and fulfilling the compassionate mind–this is the case despite Zhu’s influence on Zhang."