當圖書成為冷戰武器：美新處譯書計畫與馬來亞文化宣傳(1951-1961)

Books as Cold War Weapons: On Book Translation Program of USIS and Cultural Propaganda in Malaya (1951-1961)

"美國新聞處（簡稱美新處）是冷戰時期美國官方的宣傳機構，譯書計畫是其文化宣傳的媒介之一。有別於既有文化冷戰論述側重美蘇兩國、由上到下、支配與從屬的觀點，本文運用多重史料，透過交互比較、相互連結的歷史方法，以「英美協商模式」的概念，分析新馬的美新處譯書計畫，說明美新處、英國文化協會和馬來亞聯合邦，透過書籍佔領與支配意識形態的共構過程。首先，英美權力在新馬呈現「宣傳分工種族化」，由英美官方負責對馬來亞官方和馬來人的宣傳。其次，在英國政府的主導下，譯書計畫出版中心從「新加坡美新處」轉移到「吉隆坡美新處」，從「華語」轉向「英語和馬來語」。英國政府對於馬來半島出版機制的整體規劃，使得美新處在馬來亞扮演「英國權力的協力者」，促使宣傳形式和內容「馬來化」。再者，美援文藝體制在馬來亞的宣傳內容具有「反共性」、「親美性」、「馬來性」和「中國性」。前三者由英美官方和香港友聯執行，但英美在「中國性」產生分歧。英國政府對於「中國性」主張全面禁絕，與美國主張認同自由中國的「中國性」產生歧異。最後，英美協商模式以「馬來亞」、「在地」和「民眾」名義，進行認同馬來亞的政治意識形態宣傳，其最終的目的是以馬來亞的文化想像，促成政治共同體的形成。
U.S. Information Service (USIS) was the official propaganda agency of the U.S. during the Cold War, and its book translation program was one of its cultural propaganda media. In contrast to the existing viewpoints of Cultural Cold War that focus on the US-Soviet framework and the top-down control and domination / subordination, the article analyzes the book translation program of Malaya by adopting the perspective of the ''Anglo-American Negotiation Framework'' and exam in examining multiple resources of historical materials with the methods of reciprocal comparison and connected histories. The research results illustrate that the book translation program involving the U.S., the British Council, and the Federation of Malaya was a co-building process of the ideological domination. Firstly, the UK and U.S. took the ''racialized division of propaganda'' and their officials were in charge of the propaganda solely for the Malayan government and the Malay population. Secondly, under the leadership of the British government, the publishing center of the book translation program was removed from ''Singapore USIS'' to the ''Kuala Lumpur USIS'', and the language used in translation was from Chinese to English and Malay. The overall plan of the publishing mechanism in Malaya of the British government was to ''Malayize the form of propaganda'' and the U.S. played the role of the ''coordinator of British power.'' Thirdly, the U.S.-Aid literary institution in Malaya at the time was characterized as ''anticommunism'', ''pro-Americanism'', ''Malayism'' and ''Chineseness''. The first three characteristics were agreed and implemented by both the British and American officials, along with Hong Kong as a partner. However, the British and American were divergent on ''Chineseness''. The British officials advocated the elimination of ''Chineseness'', while the U.S. officials approved of ''Chineseness'' as if it represented ''Free China''. Finally, the ''Anglo-American Negotiation Framework'' used keywords such as ''Malaya'', ''local'' and ''people'' to promote their political ideologies of which the ultimate goal was to establish the imagined Malay community."

"U.S. Information Service (USIS) was the official propaganda agency of the U.S. during the Cold War, and its book translation program was one of its cultural propaganda media. In contrast to the existing viewpoints of Cultural Cold War that focus on the US-Soviet framework and the top-down control and domination / subordination, the article analyzes the book translation program of Malaya by adopting the perspective of the ''Anglo-American Negotiation Framework'' and exam in examining multiple resources of historical materials with the methods of reciprocal comparison and connected histories. The research results illustrate that the book translation program involving the U.S., the British Council, and the Federation of Malaya was a co-building process of the ideological domination. Firstly, the UK and U.S. took the ''racialized division of propaganda'' and their officials were in charge of the propaganda solely for the Malayan government and the Malay population. Secondly, under the leadership of the British government, the publishing center of the book translation program was removed from ''Singapore USIS'' to the ''Kuala Lumpur USIS'', and the language used in translation was from Chinese to English and Malay. The overall plan of the publishing mechanism in Malaya of the British government was to ''Malayize the form of propaganda'' and the U.S. played the role of the ''coordinator of British power.'' Thirdly, the U.S.-Aid literary institution in Malaya at the time was characterized as ''anticommunism'', ''pro-Americanism'', ''Malayism'' and ''Chineseness''. The first three characteristics were agreed and implemented by both the British and American officials, along with Hong Kong as a partner. However, the British and American were divergent on ''Chineseness''. The British officials advocated the elimination of ''Chineseness'', while the U.S. officials approved of ''Chineseness'' as if it represented ''Free China''. Finally, the ''Anglo-American Negotiation Framework'' used keywords such as ''Malaya'', ''local'' and ''people'' to promote their political ideologies of which the ultimate goal was to establish the imagined Malay community."