管制與自由:國際技術轉移法律規則的回顧與展望

Regulation and Liberalization: Retrospect and Prospect on Rules of International Technology Transfer

國際技術轉移法律規則的演變，經歷了國際化、政治化、技術外部性國際規制以及保護主義等階段，在政府管控和貿易自由譜系的兩端搖擺，而知識產權制度是其核心主題。技術轉移規則從管控人員和機器的國內法，逐漸演變為借助國際知識產權法進行規制。第二次世界大戰后國際技術轉移議題初登聯合國舞臺并引發了三次大討論，其中國際經濟新秩序運動倡導構建公平合理的國際技術轉移規則，但以失敗而告終;多邊環境協定中的技術轉移條款旨在規制技術外部性，意在技術轉移和知識產權之間尋求''中間道路''，但收效甚微;而近年強化技術轉移財產屬性的貿易保護趨勢在逐漸加強。面對全球公共問題解決之需求，未來的國際技術轉移規則將出現''市場導向''和''責任導向''兩種邏輯模式，且這兩者將長期共存并時有沖突。當下中國面臨著''強制技術轉移''的輿論壓力，以及國際技術轉移法律規則的''中西標準之爭''。為此，中國需區分國內法中貿易類和投資類技術轉移規則，并借助多邊環境協定、貿易投資協定和''一帶一路''倡議，主張''可持續的國際技術轉移制度''。

"The evolution of legal rules for international technology transfer has gone through the stages of internationalization,politicization,international regulation of technological externalities,and protectionism.It swings at both ends of the spectrum of government intervention and trade freedom,and the intellectual property system is its core theme.Technology transfer rules have gradually evolved from domestic laws governing personnel and machines to regulation with the help of international intellectual property laws.After World War II,the topic of international technology transfer first appeared on the UN stage and triggered three major discussions.The New International Economic Order movement advocated the establishment of fair and reasonable rules for international technology transfer,but ended in failure; the technology transfer clauses in multilateral environmental agreements aimed to regulate technological externalities are intended to seek a ''middle way''between technology transfer and intellectual property rights,but they have little effect.In recent years,the trend of strengthening the trade protection of technology transfer properties has gradually strengthened.Faced with the need to solve global public problems,the future international technology transfer rules will have two logical modes of ''market-oriented''and ''responsibilityoriented'',and the two will coexist for a long time and sometimes conflict.At present,China is facing the pressure of public opinion of''compulsory technology transfer''and the''controversy between Chinese and Western standards''of international technology transfer laws and regulations.To this end,China needs to distinguish between domestic trade and investment technology transfer rules,and use multilateral environmental agreements,trade and investment agreements and the''Belt and Road''initiative to advocate a''sustainable international technology transfer system.''"