PHEIC時期臨時貿易措施的WTO合法性分析——以2019年新冠肺炎疫情為視角

Legitimacy Analysis under WTO Law of Temporary Trade Measures during PHEIC——On the Event of COVID-19 Pandemic

WTO成員在新冠肺炎疫情等PHEIC時期采取的大部分臨時貿易措施因對國際貿易的影響較大、對實現保護人類、動物生命或健康的目標缺乏貢獻、存在合理可用的替代措施或以構成武斷、不合理歧視的方式實施，而難以認為符合GATT、GATS的公共衛生例外或《SPS協定》的具體義務條款規定。成員采取的臨時動植物檢疫措施應基于《SPS協定》所認可的國際標準、指南或建議，但在缺乏相關科學證據時可根據《SPS協定》第5.7條暫時維持額外的動植物檢疫措施。鑒于WTO在爭端解決程序和救濟方式上的局限、對成員公共衛生管轄權的限制降低了其有效規制臨時貿易措施的潛力，WTO成員首先應確保其臨時貿易措施符合WTO規則，必要時可將仲裁作為替代性爭端解決方式。

"Most temporary trade measures( TTMs) taken by WTO Members during PHEIC( e.g.,COVID-19)may fail to comply with public health exception provisions under GATT or GATS,or with specific provisions of SPS Agreement,if such measures have significant impact on international trade,make no contribution to the objective of protecting human or animal life or health,alternative measures are reasonably available or such measures are applied in a manner which constitutes a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination.SPS measures taken by a Member shall be based on international standards,guidelines or recommendations recognized by SPS Agreement.When,however,relevant scientific evidence is insufficient,a Member may maintain additional SPS measures according to Article 5.7 of SPS Agreement.Since the weakness of WTO dispute settlement procedures and remedy and the restrictions on Member’s right to regulate its public health both undermine WTO’s efficacy of regulating TTMs,Members shall in the first place make their TTMs in conformity with WTO law,and utilize arbitration as the alternative dispute settlement approach when necessary."