《民法典》第641條（所有權保留買賣）評注

Commentary on Article 641 of the Civil Code(Sales under Retention of Ownership)

《民法典》第641條允許買賣雙方在合同中約定保留所有權，且出賣人保留的所有權未經登記不得對抗善意第三人。從體系上看，所有權保留買賣的條文位于合同編，標的物的所有權保留之實現受制于動產物權變動的基本規則，這體現出一定的形式主義特征。然而，從《民法典》為被保留所有權之效果、出賣人的權利之實現等設置的規則觀之，立法者更傾向于從功能主義的角度規范所有權保留買賣，據此，被保留的所有權實為擔保物權。出賣人若于交付后10日內辦理所有權保留登記，則享有超級優先順位，其他情況可參照適用《民法典》第414條第1款確定出賣人的權利順位。買受人在條件成就前即已取得真正的所有權，條件成就后的所有權轉移僅僅意味著出賣人的擔保物權歸于消滅。因此，買受人于條件成就之前即可有效地在標的物上設定權利負擔;次買受人在買受人的正常經常活動中，可取得無出賣人權利負擔的所有權。

"Article 641 of the Civil Code provides that in the contract of sale the parties may agree on retention of ownership, and that the seller’s ownership without registration is not effective against third parties in good faith. Systematically, the provisions over the retention-of-ownership are located in the third part of the Civil Code(""contracts""), and the realization of the retention is subject to the basic rules about the transfer of ownership in movables, which embodies a certain formalistic character. However, in view of the rules set by the Civil Code for the effect of the retained ownership and the realization of the seller’s rights, the legislator prefers to regulate the retention-of-ownership from a functionalistic perspective, according to which the retained ownership is actually a security right. The seller, who registers the retention of ownership within 10 days after delivery, has super-priority; and in other cases, the seller’s rights are determined by reference to§414 I.The buyer acquires already ownership before the condition is fulfilled, and the transfer of ownership after the condition is fulfilled only means that the seller’s security right ceases to exist. Thus, the buyer can effectively create new security rights for a third party before the condition is fulfilled; the sub-buyer, in the ordinary course of the buyer’s business, can acquire ownership free of the seller’s rights."