《民法典》中得利返還請求權基礎的體系與適用

The System and Application of the Legal Basis of The Right to Claim for the Return of Unjust Enrichment

從《民法典》既有規定出發，我國不當得利返還請求權基礎的體系如下：首先，對不當得利請求權一般條款模式進行反思，認為其構成是不清晰的；其次，確定給付型不當得利返還請求權的基礎為第985條，而侵害型不當得利返還請求權的基礎是第122條。給付型不當得利的構成是給付以及沒有給付原因，而侵害型不當得利的關鍵因素是侵害，法律根據是指法律保護的權利地位，而使他人受損是指通過某種方式侵害為法律所保護的法律地位。再次，合同失敗情況下的不當得利返還請求權基礎為第157條以及第566條第1款。另外，侵害型不當得利的情況下，除了一般情況之外，《民法典》還規定了添附情況下的不當得利返還請求權（第322條）、直索型不當得利（第988條）以及無權處分情況下的不當得利返還請求權（第311條第2款）。最后，除了一般性的費用返還請求權以外，《民法典》還規定了添附情況下的費用型不當得利，其目的在于保護取得人不受強迫得利。第三人償付的情況下，也可以主張不當得利返還請求權（第524條第2款）。

"Starting from the provisions of the Civil Code, this article attempts to find out China’s system of the legal basis of the right to claim for the return of unjust enrichment. Firstly, it will reflect on the general clause of the right to claim for unjust enrichment, and it believes that its legal conditions are unclear. Secondly, it will be determined that the legal basis of the right to claim for payment of unjust enrichment is Article 985, and the basis for the right to claim of unjust enrichment in an infringement is Article 122. The condition of the right to claim for payment-type unjust enrichment is an existing payment and lack of legal reason, while the key factor of infringement-type unjust enrichment is an infringement. The legal basis of the infringement-type unjust enrichment refers to an infringement of the status of rights and the damage to others refers to the infringement of legal status protected by law. Thirdly, the basis of the claim for the return of unjust enrichment in the case of contract failure is Article 157 and Article 566, paragraph 1. In addition, in the case of infringement-type unjust enrichment, except for the general situation, the Civil Code also stipulates the right to request the return of unjust enrichment in the case of attachment( Article 322), and the direct claim-type unjust enrichment( Article 988) and the right to claim the return of unjust enrichment in the case of unauthorized disposition( Article 311, Paragraph 2). Finally, in addition to the general right to claim for return of expenses, the Civil Code also stipulates expenses instead of the gains in the case of attachment, with the purpose of protecting the acquirer from forced gains. In the case of payment by a third party, it is also possible to claim the right for return of unjust enrichment( Article 524, Paragraph 2)"