美國司法豁免認定權的配置及其啟示

The Allocation of U. S. Jurisdictional Immunity Determination Power and Its Implications

司法豁免認定權是在跨國訴訟中對外國被告是否享有司法豁免進行認定的權力。在美國，司法豁免認定權之配置一直徘徊於行政部門與法院之間，該權力的配置變化經歷了法院相對獨立認定、遵從行政部門豁免建議、法院主導行政部門輔助認定這幾個重要階段。導致司法豁免認定權產生配置問題的內因在於司法豁免認定權的混合權力屬性以及該權力主體的複合性；外因在於被訴國政府的施壓、美國行政部門的風險研判、法官自身的政治偏好以及美國法對司法豁免認定權配置的規制張力。對於美國司法豁免認定權配置的實踐，中國可從中得到兩方面啟示：一方面，中國被告在美國被訴時除積極運用美國法進行管轄權抗辯外，應審慎對待行政部門的豁免建議；另一方面，未來中國的國家豁免立法應當構建司法豁免認定彈性機制，允許行政部門對外國司法豁免問題發表意見，合理配置中國的司法豁免認定權。

Jurisdictional immunity determination power is the power to determine whether foreign defendants enjoy jurisdictional immunity in transnational litigation. In the U. S. , jurisdictional immunity determination power has been allocated between the executive branch and the court. It has experienced several important stages, including the relatively independent determination of the court, deference to the suggestions of the executive branch, and the court- leading-executive-assisting determination. The internal cause for the allocation problem is the mixed power nature of the power and the compound nature of the power body; the external causes are the pressure pushed by defendant state governments, the risk judgments of the U.S. executive branch, the political preferences of judges, and the regulatory tension of U. S. law regarding jurisdictional immunities. Regarding the practice in the allocation of jurisdictional immunity determination power in the U.S, China can learn from two aspects: on the one hand, Chinese defendants should actively use U. S. law to object the jurisdiction, as well as be cautious about the executive branches' suggestions of immunity; on the other hand, in the future, China's state immunity legislation should build a flexible mechanism for the determination of jurisdictional immunity, and rationally allocate China's foreign state immunity determination power.