《塘沽協定》後冀東地區的政治衝突：1934年開灤五礦罷工與各方因應

Political Conflict in Eastern Hebei After the Tanggu Truce: The Kailan Mining Company Strike of 1934 and the Countermeasures of China, Japan, and Britain

作為冀東非武裝區勞資衝突的集中體現，1934年開灤五礦罷工不僅是僱傭制度結構性矛盾的產物，同時亦與日軍侵略使得華北社會經濟秩序紊亂密切相關；國民黨黨部與地方當局圍繞開灤工會重建問題意見分歧，最終導致衝突全面爆發。日本基於打擊國民黨在非武裝區滲透、壟斷華北煤炭市場的目的，扶持趙大中爭奪工會領導權，工潮日趨政治化。英國政府為保護海外利益，迅即介入欲解決衝突，于學忠迫於內外壓力，強行鎮壓工潮，蔣介石更是嚴令河北黨部撤離，冀東非武裝區勞資衝突暫時沉寂。藉由此案，不僅可以從區域視角窺悉華北地方社會的多元面相，亦可由國際路徑反觀抗戰時期東亞的國際關係。首先，日本侵華戰爭的破壞性影響不僅惡化企業經營狀況與勞資關係，日軍亦逐步成為華北地方當局決策制定、社會治理的關鍵變數。其次，抗戰時期英日兩國圍繞華北煤炭市場的控制權展開激烈爭奪與政治博奕，開灤勞資糾紛成為列強在華經濟衝突的直接體現。

The Kailan Mining Company strike of 1934 was not only the result of structural contradictions in the employment system, but also closely related to the social and economic disorder caused by the Japanese invasion. The full reasons for the outbreak are somewhat obscure, but the main object of strikers was to reestablish labor unions that had been dissolved by the Hebei provincial government. For cracking down on the Guomindang’s infiltration in the demilitarized zone and monopolizing the coal market in North China, Japan chose Zhao Dazhong as their tool to control the leadership of the labor unions. The strike then became increasingly politicized. In order to protect overseas’ interests, the British government decided to steps to solve this problem. Because of internal and external pressures, Yu Xuezhong, the governor of Hebei Province, had to suppress the labor movement, and the GMD organs were asked to evacuate from demilitarized zone. This study not only highlights multiple aspects of local society in North China from a regional perspective, but also illustrates international relations in East Asia during the Anti-Japanese War from an international perspective. First, the destructive influences of the Second Sino-Japanese war not only led to deteriorating business conditions and labor relations, but also reflected that the Japanese army gradually became a key variable in the decision-making and social governance of local authorities in North China. Second, the period of the Anti-Japanese War saw intense competition between Britain and Japan over the control of the coal market in North China. The labor-capital conflict in the demilitarized zone was a direct reflection of the economic conflict between the Powers in China.