城市觀光政治經濟學—新加坡小販文化經驗對高雄菜市場發展之啟發

Political Economy of Urban Tourism: The Experience of Singapore's Hawker Culture to Kaohsiung City

新加坡於2020年成功申請「小販文化」列入聯合國「世界文化遺產」，實際上，小販文化即是新加坡人民生活寫照，更是國際觀光客最想前往體驗在地生活的熱點，近年更有小販獲得米其林指南的殊榮。反觀高雄菜市場在新時代趨勢與新商業模式而受到衝擊，然菜市場擁有社區情感與歷史情懷，並隱藏諸多美食小吃，乃在地化重要元素。本研究透過「城市觀光政治經濟學」探討新加坡小販文化的經驗與特色，並提供政府部門符合菜市場文化相關建議。本研究發現，小販中心納入社區規劃，並在族群融合與雙語政策下，小販中心成為多元融合的場域，並在現代生活中，民眾追求懷舊事物時，小販中心成為在地美食與懷舊情感鏈結的重要場域，最終對其產生認同感而成為一種文化，並藉此塑造為城市遺產，並推向國際。因此，以此做為政策建議核心，將有助於高雄菜市場的資產活化、地方創生，以及發展國際城市觀光。

Hawker culture is so central to Singaporean life. Recently it became a hotspot for international tourists to get a taste of local life in Singapore. And now it added to the 2020 UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity successfully. In contrast, the traditional market in Kaohsiung is a very important element of local life in many communities. Although it was shocked by new business model recently, it still own the local emotion, historical feeling, and tasty food. This research try to understand the experience and characteristics of Singapore's hawker culture through the ''political economy of urban tourism,'' then provide suggestions in line with the traditional market culture and element for government's policy making. This article finds that under the hawker centre fit into HDB Guidelines, then the implementation of Ethnic Integration Policy and Bilingual Policy bring the multiculturalism in HDBs communities including hawker centre. In modern life, when Singaporeans pursue nostalgia, the hawker centre has become the sphere to make connection of local delicacy and nostalgia sense. From that, Singaporeans have a sense of identity with hawker centre, then become a kind of cultural identity ''hawker culture.'' At last, Singapore government regards hawker culture as urban heritage to develop international urban tourism of Singapore. Therefore, this article proposes policy suggestions. According to Singapore's experience, it would be helpful to asset activation, local creation, and international urban tourism of Kaohsiung traditional wet market.