子女最佳利益之研究──夫妻離婚後未成年子女親權之酌定與會面交往權

Children Custody after Divorce and Visitation Right

父母因離婚或分離，通常對未成年子女在法律上之權利義務會有所變動，亦即親權因為父母親之離婚而有重新審視並酌定之必要，因為父母無法再與未成年子女共同生活，尤其不獲親權之一方難以再與子女產生連結，為了能使子女得以繼續獲得父母雙方親情的關愛，而不至於使子女因父母分離而影響其身心健全發展，「會面交往」即為一重要的制度，我國於1996年在民法第1055條中明文規範會面交往權。隨著世界各國就親子關係的解釋，已正式朝向重視「子女最佳利益」解釋原則的潮流，不論法院在父母離婚後酌定未成年子女之親權，抑或是規劃會面交往時應更強調以子女利益為中心，尤其人事訴訟事件常常牽涉高衝突父母雙方之爭執，子女很容易淪為雙方爭奪的客體，面臨如此窘境時，應跳脫父母雙方的單一觀點，並以子女利益之角度才能適切地找到解決方法。我國在2012年通過家事事件法後，對於家事事件的審理更進一步強調子女利益之保護，未成年人應具有程序之主體性而不再僅是客體，程序監理人的訴訟制度設計更是證明了這樣的目的，並且有利於發現未成年人之真實心聲。本文以子女最佳利益作為撰寫之主軸，首先介紹我國關於離婚後未成年子女親權酌定之相關規定，彙整學說理論並佐以實務判決之運用，進而探討分析家事事件法施行後未成年子女親權之酌定在訴訟程序上的特色；再來，就會面交往權作介紹，以爭點討論之方式就會面交往權是否得加以限制或禁止加以闡述，並且論及會面交往權之妨礙，主要之問題意識乃擺盪於理論與實務之間如何運用訴訟或是非訟程序而對於未成年子女有更好的處置。

Due to divorce or separation of parents, the legal rights and obligations of under-aged children will usually be changed. That is to say, custody needs to be reviewed and determined due to the divorce of parents, because one of the parents can no longer live with under-aged children. In particular, it is difficult for the party who is not granted custody to be connected with the children. In order to enable the children to continue receiving the care of both parents, and not to affect physical and mental development of the children,“visitation right”is an important approach. In 1996, Taiwan regulated visitation right in Article 1055 of the Civil Law. As the interpretation of parent-child relations around the world has officially moved towards the principle of“the best interests of children”, whether the court decides the custody of under-aged children, or when planning visitation right, it should emphasize the importance of children interests, especially litigation incidents often involve disputes between parents with high conflicts. Children can easily become objects between the two parties. When faced with such a predicament, one should break away from the single opinion of parents, we shall adopt the perspective of children's best interests. After Taiwan passed the Family Incident Law in 2012, the trial of family incidents further emphasized the protection of children's interests. Children should have the subjectivity in the litigation. The design of the procedure supervisor is even more important. It proves this purpose and helps to discover the true voice of children. This article takes the best interests of children as the main axis. First, it introduces Taiwan's relevant regulations on the custody after divorce, and integrates the theory and the practical judgments. Then, it discusses the analysis of under-aged children after the implementation of the Family Incident Law. Next, it introduces visitation right, and discuss whether it can be restricted or prohibited, and discuss the obstacles of visitation right. The main purpose of this article lies in how to use litigation or non-litigation procedures to better deal with under-aged children between theory and practice.