論抗戰時期國立中學設置（1937－1945）

A Study of the Establishment of National High Schools During the Anti-Japanese War (1937-1945)

國立中學是抗戰時期中等教育的一項特殊措施，它的重要意義不只在於它打破晚清以來「地方立中學，中央立大學」的制度慣例，更在於它是為收容戰時失學失業中等學校員生的重要機構。西元（以下同）1937年7月，中日戰爭爆發後，烽火四起，短短數月間，中國沿海地區幾近淪陷。大量中國人民或為逃避戰禍，或不甘為日本政權所統治，紛紛追隨國民政府遷移至中國內陸。中華民國政府為維持社會秩序，培養實力以做長期抗戰的準備，在民窮財匱的情況下，仍持續施行各項安置措施。在教育方面，國立中學即為此類措施的一環，該項措施不但提供戰火摧殘下中等學校員生一個棲身之所，更保存了中國的知識人才，為中國戰後重建提供了不可抹滅的貢獻。本文旨在探討抗戰時期國立中學設置原因轉化的過程，並指出原抗戰初期為讓中等學校員生續學就業而設立的國立中學，其設置原因隨抗戰的變化而有所轉變，為新目的服務的國立中學漸次設立，於1940年後成為新趨勢。另一方面，根據這類國立中學的設置歷程，本文發現這個改變實際上大多受制於政治、軍事、國際局勢等因素影響，且教育部其實並非這些學校「國立化」的主導者，而是被動的執行者。

The establishment of National High Schools was one of the special secondary education policies during the period of Anti-Japanese War. The significance of this policy was that it broke the regular rule ＂Local governments set up high schools, central government set up universities＂ since the late Qing Dynasty in China. By this policy, the high schools became crucial institutions which not only settled a great number of high school students and teachers, but also saved their lives during the wartime. Since the outbreak of Sino-Japanese War in the July of 1937, most of the China's coastal areas were occupied by Japanese army within a few months. Thousands of Chinese refugees, escaping from the scourge of war or refusing under Japanese rule, followed the National Government to retreat from eastern provinces to western ones. In order to maintain social order and prepare for a full-scale resistance against Japanese, National government took many measures to solve refugee problems even lack of resources. The policy of establishing National High Schools was one of them in order to protect homeless high school students and teachers. By this way, schools became shelters for students to study continually. In addition, it contributed to save numerous intellectuals who had become one of the most important human resources for reconstructing the country after the war. This article aims to analyze the shift of focus in National High Schools throughout the Anti-Japanese War. In the study, it finds out that the government set up National High Schools in different reasons since 1939. The reason for establishing the high school at first was to provide shelters for high school students to continue their studies and to keep teachers' lives and jobs. However, as the ever-changing situation under the war, the Ministry of Education has established National High Schools for other reasons under the effect of politics, military, and international situation. Since 1940, new high schools established under heavy political influences have become mainstream. That is to say, the Ministry of Education was not the key executive for nationalization of these high schools but was a passive coordinator.