略論殷商政治勢力範圍──以墟甲骨文與考古遺址為中心

The Range of Political Forces of Yin Dynasty --Centering on Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Archaeological Sites

殷商政治勢力範圍的研究已有許多學者討論，若要重新釐清此一問題，應結合一手史料殷墟甲骨文及考古資料，並以傳世文獻為輔。在運用甲骨文方面，可從殷王室與各個勢力的關係來探討王室權力的最大範圍；考古遺址的運用則以「殷墟文化」為討論中心，按遺存性質將殷墟以外遺址分為「小型遺址」及「中型遺址」。不採用出土地不明或單獨埋藏的青銅器作為判斷依據。根據上述原則，可將殷商勢力範圍分為三層結構：首先以殷墟為中心，資源的集中導致北至邯鄲，南至鶴壁，東至古黃河，西至太行山出現的「真空」範圍，屬商王直接控制區；第二層為北至邢臺，南至駐馬店，東至山東淄博、濟寧，西至滎陽及山西長治地區。根據遺存內涵及部分青銅器銘文可知，為服屬於殷商王室的族群及部分王室宗族所在。此區域已非由商王直接管轄。第三層為北至秦皇島，南至羅山，東至魯北濰坊、魯南棗莊，西至山西靈石、聞喜及陝西西安地區。從出現帶墓道墓葬、隨葬青銅器的比例更高，以及出現車馬坑等，明顯屬更富獨立性的區域。其中既存在服屬於殷商王室的族群，亦有關係不穩定的勢力，可能還包含與殷商不相隸屬的「某方」。以上既可看出殷商勢力的最大範圍，亦可見殷商王室的控制力道隨著範圍外擴而逐步遞減。

We should combine the Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Archaeological Sites to clarify the Range of Political Forces of Yin Dynasty. Handed down literature are auxiliary. In oracle bone inscriptions, the maximum range of Yin Dynasty can be discussed from the relationship between the Yin royal family and various groups; in the use of archaeological sites, centered on ''Yin Dynasty ruins culture'' and divided into ''small sites'' and ''medium sites''. Do not use the unknown land or a separate buried bronze as a basis for judgment. According to the above principles, the range of political forces of Yin Dynasty can be divided into three -layer structure: in the first place, the Yin ruins were the center, and the concentration of resources led to the appearance of a vacuum as far as Handan in the north, He bi in the south, the ancient Yellow River in the east, and Taihang mountain in the west, which belonged to the area under the direct control of the king of Yin .The second floor is as far as Han dan in the north, Zhumadian in the south, Zibo and Jining in Shandong in the east, Xingyang and Changzhi in Shanxi in the west. According to the connotation of the remains and the inscriptions of some bronzes, it is known that the service belonged to the ethnic group of Yin royal family and some royal families. This area is no longer under the direct jurisdiction of the king of Yin. The third floor is as far as Beijing in the north, Luoshan in the south, Weifang in the north of Shandong and Zaozhuang in the south of Shandong in the east, Lingshi in Shanxi and xi 'an in Shanxi in the west. From the emergence of a tomb with a tomb passage, burial bronzes proportion is higher, as well as the emergence of the pit, is obviously a more independent area. Among them, there were not only ethnic groups belonging to the Yin royal families, but also forces with unstable relations, possibly including ''some party'' that did not belong to the Yin dynasties. It can be seen from the above that the influence of Yin dynasty was the largest and that the control power of Yin royal family was decreasing with the expansion of the influence.