從思想犯到協力者──以二戰時期日本共產黨知識人佐野學、鍋山貞親的「轉向」為中心

Study on the Manpower Development of Taiwan Railway Technicians from the Period of Japanese Colonial Rule to that of US Aid （1895-1965）

日治時期鐵道部是總督府推進殖民統治的重要機關之一。到了戰後仍是牽動臺灣社會經濟發展的重要部門。隨著鐵路事業的擴展，鐵路部門的組織與成員亦日益擴大。在這個龐大的部門，各個組織機構能否順利運作，與職員的素質良窳關係密切。其中，技術人才的養成是最重要也是最困難的一環。在面對殖民地經營人才的需求時，鐵道部的職員培訓制度是否不同於日本國內鐵道省，因地制宜而有所「變形」？主要養成技術人才的來源為何？到了戰後，國民政府接收臺灣，如何因應大量日籍技術人才返日，解決鐵路技術人才需求的問題？進入美援時期（1951－1965），臺方與美方折衝下的美援運作，又為此帶來什麼樣的何變化？凡此種種，皆值得深究。本文長時間觀察日治至美援時期，臺鐵中高階技術人才養成的變化。闡明日治時期鐵路人才來源的階段性變化，以及戰後美、日對臺鐵技術協助上之分工。指出即使在美援時期，日本對臺鐵技術協助之重要性仍不下於美國。而美援時期這種「無根的」、偏「任務型」的技術協助，只能暫時淡化臺鐵難以補充技術人才的問題。

In the Japanese colonial period, the Department of Railways was one of the important sectors to impel the policies of colonial government. After WWII, it remained as the institution that played an important role in Taiwan’s social and economic development. With the extension of the railway service, the department’s structure of administration and manpower of technicians were also expanded. In the complicate structure, whether the operation is smooth, it depended on the quality of staff. Therefore the cultivation of technicians is the most difficult and urgent to tackle. In the great need of experts in the colonial rule, was the staff training system of the Railways Department different from that in mainland Japan, is it necessary to transform according to local conditions? And what is the manpower resource of the high level technicians? After WWII, when the KMT Government took over Taiwan, most of the Japanese railway technicians left, therefore there was a serious problem of technician recruitment. By the period of US Aid (1951 1965), could the problem solved by the negotiation between Taiwan and America? The above mentioned are the issues shall be addressed in this article. This study will examine the middle and high level technician manpower development to show impacts of the United States and Japan on Taiwan Railway after the War. In addition, Taiwan’s relations with the United States and Japan will also be discussed.