利用Rasch模式評估高中物理素養試卷過程：教師發展素養試題之啟示

Using Rasch Model to Evaluate Physics Competence Tests and its Implications for Teachers' Development of Competency-based Items

十二年國民基本教育將核心素養視為本次課程改革的重點，評量與課程目標一致才能有效推動改革。本文目的為介紹教育部國民及學前教育署普通型高級中等學校物理學科中心試題組教師與科教研究者共同合作發展與效化物理素養試卷後，運用Rasch模式中多向度部分給分模式，檢驗試題的品質、判讀Wright map的意義，呈現發展和施測物理素養試題所遇到的問題與解決策略，作為未來發展素養試題之參考。試題組團隊挑選42題物理素養試題，形成難易度相當的A、B兩卷。利用分層與便利取樣，向全臺19校，1119位高三學生進行施測。Rasch分析結果呈現兩卷幾乎所有試題與多向度部分模式都能適配，且兩卷各向度的平均難度值均在0附近。但Wright map（能力與難度對應圖）呈現少數題目偏易，且缺乏高難度試題，恐較難有效評量高能力的學生。此研究在實務上建議建立全國統一的科學素養評量架構，未來並應多發展建構反應試題、以評量「評估及設計探究能力」和高難度的試題，並且善用Wright map增加教師對素養試題難度的敏感度並增進對學生能力的理解。評量設計探究能力和高難度的試題，並且善用Wright map增加教師對素養試題難度的敏感度與學生能力的了解。

Core competencies are the focus of the 12-year basic education curriculum reform. The purposes of the study were to introduce the development and validation of two physics competence tests through the cooperation of the seed teachers in the physics curriculum center, K-12 Education Administration, Ministry of Education, with a science education researcher, and to investigate strategies for developing competency items based on the analysis of multidimensional partial credit model, one of the Rasch models, and the interpretation of Wright maps. Forty-two physics competence items were selected and divided into test A and test B with a similar difficulty level. Stratified and convenience sampling was adopted. Two tests were administered to 1119 Grade 12 students from 19 public senior high schools in Taiwan. The results showed that most of the items in the two tests fit the multidimensional partial credit model, and the average of item difficulty for test A and test B were approximately 0. However, based on the Wright maps, some items were easier, and there was a lack of items with higher difficulty to assess students with higher ability. The study intends to inspire practical educators to build a national assessment framework for scientific literacy and to develop constructed-response items, items assessing the competence of evaluating and designing scientific inquiry, and items with high difficulty. The use of Wright maps may enhance teachers' sensitivity to item difficulty and their understanding of students' ability.