日本對越南ODA發展策略與對台日合作之啟示

Japanese ODA Strategy for Vietnam and Implication to the Bilateral Cooperation between Taiwan and Japan

日本自1950年代即對開發中國家提供「政府開發援助措施」（ODA），對東協國家的經營深長久遠，然而也衍生「綁帶式援助」等問題。越南會是東協最大的ODA受援國家，日本則是越南的最大援助國，而隨著越南經濟高度成長，日本對越南的ODA協助型態也逐步轉變，因此了解日越ODA發展策略，有助於窺探日本ODA發展「脈絡。本文分析日本ODA推動歷程、日越ODA策略，並從中探討「台日合作拓展越南商機」之能方向，供台灣推動「新南向政策」之參考。分析結果發現，日本ODA策略，以有償與無償資金協助為前導，配合民間參與的技術協力合作，協助開發中國家解決社會問題，避免|國際社會對「綁帶式援助」之病；而日越ODA策略也從「以資金援助帶動技術協力合作」供給端觀點，延伸到「以技術協力合作導引資金援助」需求端發展模式，帶動日本長期累積的社會問題解決型科技與管理制度於越南的應用發展。本文亦歸納日越ODA推展過程中的台日合作契機，一為形成台日產業在當地優勢能力的互補合作機制，共同深耕越南ODA基礎建設的後續營運商機；二為鼓勵台灣產學研界與日本JICA各地方國際中心推動的「草根技術協力計畫」成員進行交流合作，讓台日形成科技與人才層面的共創機制。

Since 1950s, Japan provides ''Official development assistance'' (ODA) to the developing countries, which has a profound and long-term operation in ASEAN countries. Vietnam used to be the largest ODA recipient country of the ASEAN, while Japan is the largest aid country of Vietnam. With the rapid economic growth of Vietnam, the type of ODA that Japan provides to Vietnam has gradually changed. Therefore, understanding the strategy of Japan-Vietnam ODA is helpful to realize the context in Japanese ODA policy. This article analyzes the history of Japanese ODA, Japanese- Vietnamese ODA strategy, and to provide an implication of New Southbound Policy toward Taiwan-Japan cooperation. The results found that Japan's ODA strategy in recent years inclines to ODA loans and grants to promote technical cooperation with private participation, in order to assist developing countries in solving social problems. It can avoid the international community's criticism of ''Tied assistance.'' The Japanese- Vietnamese ODA strategy also extends from the supply-side perspective of ''financial assistance to drive technological cooperation'' to the demand-side development model of ''technical cooperation and cooperation to guide financial assistance.'' It can promote the application of Japan's long-accumulated social problem-solving technology and institutional management system in Vietnam. This paper also summarizes two cooperation opportunities between Taiwan and Japan rooted on Japanese-Vietnamese ODA projects. First is to form a complementary cooperation mechanism between Taiwan and Japan's industries and to jointly explore the follow-up business opportunities of Vietnam's infrastructure. Second is to encourage Taiwan's industry, academia, and research communities to cooperate with members of the ''Grassroots Partnership Program'' promoted by JICA, so that can form a co-creation mechanism of technology and talents to solve social problems in Vietnam.