空中攔截航空器之法理與實踐

The Theory and Practice of Air Interception

國家對於空中主權的概念，對應著航空器技術的突破與演進，漸次產生變化。《芝加哥公約》是現代國際飛航規則最重要的基礎，不僅確立國家領空主權的不可侵犯性，且促成國際航空運輸的蓬勃發展。軍用航空器為國家實現空中主權的主要執行者，卻因屬於國家航空器的性質，而被排除於公約適用之外。惟當飛航安全與國家主權產生衝突時，應該如何處置這樣的情境，公約並未對之加以預設及規範。在1983年發生韓航客機遭蘇聯攔截機擊落事件後，此重大悲劇使各國深刻體認到，主權維護固然重要，但亦不應為此而危及飛行中的航空器與平民的生命安全，決心修訂公約第3條之2，並確立軍用航空器實施空中攔截的基本原則、程序及標準。本文從嗣後實踐的角度，觀察近期幾起國際間發生的空中攔截事件，透過應然的規範面與實然的操作面交叉檢驗，發現各國遂行的攔截手段似乎對應著攔截目標的不同，而有所差異。尤其當被攔截的航空器為軍機時，更屢屢出現各種不同態樣的挑釁行為。在國際法對軍用航空器的規範相對有限之情況下，面對共機對我國空域嚴峻的安全挑戰，究竟應採行何種適法、適當的攔截措施，將是飛行員與國家安全單位都必須正視的重要課題。

The state's concept of air sovereignty is constantly changing due to the technological breakthrough and evolution of aircraft. The ＂Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation＂ is the foundation of modern international aviation rules. It does not only establish the inviolability of national airspace sovereignty, and also facilitate the development of international air transportation. Military aircrafts are the main executors of national air sovereignty, but they are excluded from the application of the Convention because of its nature of being a national aircraft. However, the Convention does not presuppose and regulate situation where flight safety conflicts with national sovereignty. After the Korean Air incident in 1983, the tragedy where a passenger airplane was shot down by a military aircraft made the world realize that even though maintenance of sovereignty is of vital importance, it should not endanger lives on civilian flights. Article 3bis of the Convention has since been amended to establish air rules for military aircraft interceptions. This article investigates several recent cases of international air interception, particularly the difference between expected standards versus actual incidents, and found out the interception standards differ based on type of targets. This is especially obvious when the target is a military aircraft, and where a number of provocative behaviors have been observed frequently. Given the fact that regulation under international law which applies to military aircraft is very much limited, what kind of rules and appropriate interception measures should be taken when facing provocative behavior of Chinese military aircrafts intruding our airspace, will be vitally important for both the pilots and the national security unit.