和平與和解：金門與馬祖戰地歷史及文化景觀保存的核心價值

Heritage Conservation as an Approach to Attain Peace and Reconciliation: Military Landscape Conservation in Quemoy and Matsu, Taiwan

1949年以後，金門與馬祖成為國共對峙、世界冷戰的前線。尤其在1954年（第一次臺海危機）、1958年（第二次臺海危機），廣受世人的重視，可謂「冷戰中的熱區」（Hot Zone in the Cold War）。在1949-1992年間，金門與馬祖歷經了長時期的軍事治理，地方社會與空間地景的軍事化十分徹底，戰地生活經驗成為軍民的一種集體記憶。隨著1992年戰地政務的解除以及隨後的撤軍，多樣化的有形與無形戰地文化景觀面臨著新的挑戰與機會，也是「後戰地社會」發展的重要課題。申請世界遺產就是其中一個策略。本文以人民的記憶及地方的視角重新討論金門與馬祖戰地文化景觀保存的價值及社會過程，並藉此反思戰地歷史及其文化遺產如何具有傑出普世價值（outstanding universal values）。首先，通過在地居民的觀點，討論國家動員下的人民記憶，並分析其記憶的多重性與複雜性；再者，進一步分析金門與馬祖的軍事營區如何轉化成戰地文化景觀以及其類型與特色；同時，檢視晚近十餘年來，金門與馬祖作為臺灣世界遺產潛力點之一，如何論證戰地文化景觀的傑出普世價值，探究其保存課題，十分重要。最後，從和平與和解的概念，凸顯金門與馬祖戰地歷史與文化景觀的核心價值。

After 1949, Quemoy (also known as Kinmen) and Matsu Islands became the front line in the confrontation between the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party. More especially in 1954 (the first Taiwan Strait crisis) and 1958 (the second Taiwan Strait crisis), the region was widely recognized as a ''Hot Zone in the Cold War''. Consequently, between 1949 and 1992, Kinmen and Mazu experienced a long period of military governance, and both islands experienced a very thorough militarization of local society and the landscape. As a result, both soldiers and residents had a shared memory of life in the battlefield. After the lifting of military rule in 1992 and the subsequent withdrawal of troops, the diverse tangible and intangible cultural landscapes of the battlefront faced new challenges and opportunities. This was an important issue associated with the development of a“post-war society”, with application for inclusion in the list of World Heritage Sites as one of its goals. This paper aims to reevaluate the preservation of Quemoy and Matsu battlefronts as cultural landscapes, along with policies related to the application for World Heritage Status and their social value in terms of the memories of the local populace and their local perspective. The first part reevaluates the multiplicity and complexity of residents’awareness of, and memories, relating to 20 years of military rule based on the perspective of local society. It places the military camps of Kinmen and Matsu into a battlefield cultural landscape, as well as its type and characteristics. The second part discusses the type, distribution and features of Quemoy and Matsu battlefields’cultural landscapes, and to use the World Heritage Convention criteria in their evaluation. Lastly, a possible strategy through memory preservation, regional revitalization and heritage protection is proposed.