我國文化景觀保存維護策略──以持續作用的文化景觀為例

Conservation and Management Strategies for Cultural Landscapes: A Case Study of a Continuing Landscape in Taiwan

本文首先介紹國際間有關地景的概念緣起與核心內涵，繼而探討世界遺產文化景觀的緣起、發展、定義和類別，接著分析和檢討我國文化景觀的定義、類別、登錄現況和問題。與世界遺產中農林漁牧等持續作用的文化景觀數量比例相較，我國此類型之登錄案例頗少，未來可加強規劃和經營。為具體說明持續作用的文化景觀保存維護之規劃策略，本文以花蓮縣富里鄉豐南村「吉哈拉艾文化景觀」之登錄和規劃歷程為例，說明一種融入國際里山倡議和IUCN第五類地景保護區的農林漁牧類別之文化景觀，在國內實踐的可能作法；並就該案例說明如何於文化景觀規劃過程中，設計權益關係人溝通論壇和討論議題，繼而分析討論結果與成效。結果發現，本研究於2011至2013年辦理之多元權益關係人論壇，激發了社區居民召開落內部會議，在多元權益關係人論壇與內部部落會議之交互對話下，使原本陌生的「文化景觀」概念逐漸被部落居民認取，並且自行成立「豐南吉哈拉艾文化景觀管理委員會」，研提「吉哈拉艾部落公約草案」。該草案隨即在權益關係人論壇中，由與會各公部門代表針對公約內容涉及的議題給予支持或修正意見。最後，吉哈拉艾文化景觀登錄案由吉哈拉艾管理委員會提報予花蓮縣文化局審查，繼而完成文化資產保存法的登錄工作以及該文化景觀保存維護計畫，建立了協同規劃和經營的基礎。本研究可以提供臺灣推動持續作用的文化景觀之參考。

In 2005, the idea of landscape/seascape conservation was introduced into the amended Cultural Heritage Preservation Law as a new legal subject entitled‘Cultural Landscape' in Taiwan. Unlike traditional protected areas, namely the IUCN protected area category I-IV, the Cultural Landscape is a new concept to Taiwan which emphasizes the interaction of local people and the land. In order to help stakeholders of governmental authorities and local communities to apply this new instrument, the researcher employs a community-based participatory approach to enhancing partnership among them. The research has especially learnt from the operational guidelines of IUCN protected area category V (the protected landscapes) and the Satoyama Initiative. A pilot study area of a rice paddy production landscape in the indigenous Fengnan village, Hualien County was selected as a potential Cultural Landscape site. A participatory action research was conducted by the researcher in light of the collaborative planning theory and methods to enhance partnership among the villagers, the local authorities’officers and experts. Various formal and informal forums were conducted in the local area from 2011 to 2013 to achieve consensus on the Codes of Conduct as well as the Management Plan for the Cultural Landscape. Through intense communication in the forums, stakeholders jointly agreed the site to be proposed as a legal Cultural Landscape, developed a mid-term Cultural Landscape Conservation Plan and set up a local management committee for implementation of the Plan. The case study shows that a landscape approach based on the idea of the Satoyama Initiative can be more welcomed by local people and create a new style of‘living' protected landscape into Taiwan's national protected area system.