運動的人類學波瀾──非熱門宿命之破解

The Future Wave of Anthropology of Sports: Key Strategy of Escaping from Unpopular Situation

人類學發展史上，並未重視運動研究。本文敘述在運動邊陲處境之下，仍有部分人類學和相關領域研究者默默努力，而其成果所呈現出之學術價值，正是吾人今日亟欲邁開大步的重要參考。探索前現代社會的運動面貌並不容易，它不是早被急速的文化變遷掩蓋，就是因對呈現傳統文化並無大助益，所以可能空存於族人生活的無人聞問之處。文化的微觀分析正是人類學的在行，所以，各個潛藏故事，在運動史前提上，即具細膩文化探索的條件。事實上，無論是探討男人們總愛一起談球賽、對足球可能瘋迷或冷漠，或者寫就一份球隊民族誌等等，多係在分析男性的娛樂休閒時空。而跳脫不出男性主宰的運動世界，似乎成了當代人類休閒生活的同義詞，女性僅能獲取不均等資源，男性也因此無緣欣賞或習得女性潛在的長處面向。文化的反制與逆走，是新世紀以來最旺盛的全球性文化創造。分析運動或球賽之本質或文化意義，甚至超越文化之人類心靈存我的作為，正是人類學的若渴興趣。運動主體性的確立，方可作為破解人類學被研究範疇非熱門屬性的現狀，也能確保本文述及之各個研究貢獻，足以撐起人類學加入運動研究所捲起的波瀾，並得以演化成浪潮滾滾。

On the history of anthropological studies, the field of sports has never received much attention. However, there are still some researchers devoting themselves to related studies and have made impressive contributions that could act as key references for future development of anthropology of sports. Under the framework of anthropology, there was no clear pattern of traditional sport in pre-modern societies, and the fact of it being neglected could also result from its insignificance to traditional cultures. Still, given that anthropology lays great emphasis on micro-cultural analysis, it can provide valuable methodology for the sphere of the history of sports. On the other hand, no matter what the research subject is, be it why men all like gathering and talking over ball games, whether they are crazy about or show indifference to soccer, or a full ethnography of a football team, they are all discussing male-centered entertaining time and space. The superiority of men in the fields of sports seems to be a synonym of the contemporary leisure life of human beings. In most situations, women cannot enjoy the same resources as men, and under such circumstances, men hence get very few opportunities to learn women’s capabilities and potential in sports. In recent years, more and more extreme sports or lifestyle sports have been created and become popularized in the world that are counted as kinds of counter-cultural movement, and analyzing the essence and cultural meaning of sports happens to meet anthropologists’ research interests. For future development of anthropology of sports, the subjectivity of sports must be established and well-maintained in the first place, and all the records of sports studies accomplished by anthropologists should be integrated to form a strong basis under the premise of sports as a subjective entity.