以公民科學調查臺灣獼猴之分布與監測其族群趨勢：開創的五年（2015-2019年）

Results from the first five years of Taiwanese Macaques (Macaca cyclopis) distribution survey and population trend monitoring through citizen science (2015-2019)

若要有效經營管理臺灣獼猴資源，必需先掌握獼猴之空間分布、族群量和棲地利用等資訊。為快速瞭解廣時空尺度生物多樣性的現況和變動，近年透過大量志工參與的公民科學成為重要的研究工具。本研究運用自2 0 0 9年執行至今的臺灣繁殖鳥類大調查計畫（BBS Taiwan）之現有架構和公民科學家能量，於2015-2019年間將臺灣獼猴納入其調查項目。BBS Taiwan的調查方法為採用有效調查半徑為100 m的定點調查法，在每年3-6月，調查者於每個樣點進行2次、每次各6分鐘的觀察。記錄發現之獼猴，區分為猴群或孤猴，並記錄調查者與獼猴間的距離區段。本研究期間共計進行10次調查，每次調查的總樣點數平均為2,738.1個（範圍2,554-2,913個），涵蓋臺灣本島所有的棲地類型。其中納入後續猴群資料分析之海拔50m以上的森林性棲地樣點數，每次平均調查1,415.0個（範圍1,302-1,537個）。以廣義線性混合模式分析猴群的分布是否受年度、調查日、森林類型、地理分區和海拔等因子影響，並利用訊息理論研究法進行模式比較的結果顯示，僅地理分區有顯著的影響性。再用Tukey多重比較之後顯示，花蓮和臺東的猴群出現機率顯著高於北部和中部；南部的猴群出現機率顯著高於北部。本研究分析臺灣獼猴2015-2019年間的整體族群變化，沒有顯著的上升或下降。計算出臺灣全島森林棲地內之獼猴密度為0.499群／km（95%的信賴區間為0.434-0.567群/km），推估之猴群數為10,500群（95%的信賴區間為9,130-11,921群）。未來將持續監測全島臺灣獼猴的族群分布和變動狀況，以提供擬定經營管理策略的科學依據。

Information on spatial distribution and population estimation of Taiwanese macaques (Macaca cyclopis) is critical to effective resource management. In recent years, citizen science projects that reveal the status of biodiversity in a broader spatial-temporal scale have increased rapidly. The nationwide citizen-science monitoring project of Taiwan Breeding Bird Survey (BBS Taiwan) initiated in 2009 has also recorded sightings of macaque troops since 2015. From 2015 to 2019, two surveys were conducted between March and June each year using the pointcount method with an effective survey radius of 100 meters and a 6-minute stop time at each sampling point. On average, 2,738.1 (range 2,554-2,913) sampling points were surveyed each time to cover every habitat type across Taiwan Island. Among those sampling points, 1,415.0 (range 1,302-1,537) were in forests with an elevation of above 50 meters. We investigated whether year, Julian day, forest type, geographical region and elevation were related to the distribution of macaque troops. Only the geographical region showed a significant effect. Meanwhile, the encounter rate of macaque troops in Hualien and Taitung was significantly higher than that in Northern and Central Taiwan. The encounter rate of macaque troops in Southern Taiwan was significantly higher than that in Northern Taiwan. There was no significant change in the population trend of macaque troops in the period of 2015-2019. The density of macaque troops was estimated to be 0.499 troops/km2 (95% confidence interval: 0.434-0.567 troops/km2) in the forest habitat of Taiwan, and the estimated population size was 10,500 troops (95% confidence interval: 9,130-11,921 troops). This project will continue to be conducted to monitor the population trend of Taiwanese macaque.