論地方自治團體之行政爭訟權──德國法之比較

Legal Protection of Municipalities to Administrative Appeal and Administrative Court Ligitation: A Comparative Study of German Laws

地方自治團體，依憲法制度保障說，於法律框架之下享有團體「高權」，其中之一為行政爭訟權，常見案型有三。首先為「地方監督」之爭訟：就地方辦理自治事項作成個案決定，受到監督機關撤廢或停止執行，地方得以自治權受侵害為由，提起行政爭訟。就委辦事項，因事涉「內部法律關係」，而不得提起之，例外為，系爭個案監督處置，內容與強度也同時違反專業法律所規定之地方自主空間，或入侵地方制度法等所賦予之「自主權限」。其次，就上級機關准許重大開發案，地方得以團體之主觀公權利受到侵害為由起訴，要件為「團體」、「主觀公權利」、受到「侵害」，地方自治團體必須充分具體指出已經完成的計畫及受到如何之侵害。第三，德國於行政法院法第47條規定「抽象的規範審查」，開放地方針對該條或邦專法所開放的案型，以團體權益受侵害為由起訴。釋字第742號解釋是個起步。從地方自治之保障而言，得針對地方重要施政而被中央高密度或老舊法規範「壓縮」領域，檢討引進之。

A Local government shall be empowered to the right to self-government, and equipped with legal protection to Administrative Appeal and Administrative Court Ligitation. This suit-status arises not out of the status of human right, which local selfgovernments do not embrace. There are three types of suits. 1. Where a government of the special municipality violates the Constitution, laws, or central government regulations promulgated in accordance with law while carrying out self-government matters, the central competent authority concerned shall report such to the Executive Yuan to rescind, change, revoke, or discontinue such actions. The local self-governing bodies are entitled to appeal and suit; however, they are not entitled when it comes to commissioned matters. 2. The second kind of suit focuses on adjudications of superior government agency on big infrastructures or NIMBY facilities. 3. The third one aims at specific rule-making stipulated by laws, or at regional or national comprehensive development plan or other specific spatial planning of the superior authorities. For all these, the Municipalities are entitled to Administrative Appeal and Administrative Court Ligitation, alleging that one of his constitutionally and positively stipulated status (Rights) has been infringed thereby. The municipalities must by suit action assertain the existence or the prepatory action taken already, which concretely manifestify the rights.