廣濟與準繩：劉備與諸葛亮的用人之道

Diversity and Singularity: Liu Bei's and Zhuge Liang's Philosophy of Recruiting Talents

趙翼曰：「人才莫盛於三國，亦惟三國之主各能用人，故得眾力相扶，以成鼎足之勢。」劉備出身卑微，一無憑藉，何以能吸引眾多人才效忠？世不乏賢，端賴明主知人識才，如法正、彭羕、鄧芝、李恢等人，於劉璋時不免平庸，遇劉備則功成名顯。正因劉備唯才是舉，大膽拔擢新人，乃能得人死力。先主時，在人事安置上，諸葛亮已處處為「庸弱」的後主設想，對於「易世之後終難制御」的驕兵悍將，如劉封、彭羕等人，皆已未雨綢繆地處死。後主立，諸葛亮輔政，對於興風作浪，破壞政局穩定的危險分子，如廖立、李嚴等人，處處防範，不惜罷黜。在接班人的培植上，才幹之外，更看重德性，如蔣琬、費禕皆然。一切安排可說皆為後主著想。創業維艱，守成不易。先主為創業之君，故用人廣濟，積極進取；後主繼位，「主闇而敵強」，諸葛亮不得不為守成之相，故用人趨於單一保守。

Zhao Yi said, ＂Among the various dynasties, the Three Kingdoms had the greatest number of talented people, and because the monarchs of the Three Kingdoms were all good at employing people, they were able to gain the loyalty of many talents, thus leading to the establishment of the Three Kingdoms.＂ Liu Bei was a man of humble origins who has no credentials, yet he was able to attract the loyalty of many talents. There is no shortage of wise men in every generation, for it is the Lord who knows the talents of men. People like Fa-Zheng, Peng-Yang, Deng- Zhi, Li-Hui were mediocre when they met Liu Zhang, yet they were successful and acclaimed when they met Liu Bei. It is precisely owing to Liu Bei's meritocracy and his boldness in promoting new recruits that he was able to gain the loyalty of the crowd. In the time of Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang was already thinking in advance for blunt Liu Chan when it came to personnel placement. For those who might be difficult for the Liu Chan to control after the death of Liu Bei, such as Liu Feng and Peng-Yang, they were all executed before Liu Chan’s enthronement. Under the reign of Zhuge Liang after the succession of Liu Chan, he took precautions against dangerous officials, such as Liaw Li and Li Yan, who were stirring up trouble and undermining political stability, even going so far as to depose them as civilians. In the cultivating of successors, virtue was more important than ability, as in the case of Jiang Wan and Fei Yi. All arrangements were made for the benefit of Liu Chan. Entrepreneurship is difficult, but it is equally hard to maintain. Liu Bei, the previous ruler, was an entrepreneurial monarch, so he recruited diversified and aggressive talents. As Liu Chan succeeded to the throne, Zhuge Liang had to be relatively moderate prime minister and tended to be conservative in his recruiting talents.