人身保險利益之再建構：由保險信託與相關商品談起

Reconstruction of Insurable Interest in Life Insurance: A Perspective from Insurance Trust and Relevant Products

保險利益屬於保險法之重要原則，但是否適用於人身保險，肯定說與否定說有重大歧異。而美國對保險信託、陌生人發起保單、以及公司擁有保單之發展與回應，正觸發了保險利益的三個重要的發展面向：保險利益的寬鬆化、實質要件的重視、以及被保險人同意之再考慮。美國因遭遇保險信託之保險利益認定問題，故先肯認信託受託人亦對被保險人有保險利益。但在信託掩護之下，更加劇了陌生人發起保單的濫用，是以美國又強調保險契約應為善意而具備真實投保之意思。而在公司擁有保單的發展中，則可觀察保險利益與被保險人同意的關係。多數州認為必須具備保險利益與取得被保險人之同意，但亦有不同見解。我國正研擬對保險利益與保險信託之修正，故美國之經驗應值得參考。本文乃分析美國法三個面向之發展，並比較相關立法例，藉此反省重構我國的保險利益理論體系。本文發現，美國法就保險利益之內涵與效果已有相當發展，且仍為控制道德危險與相關商品之重要機制。對臺灣而言，本文主張保險利益仍應適用於人身保險，並調整法定類型。同時應採納保險利益之實質要件，並就法定保險利益類型賦予推定實質要件之效果。此外，對於團體保險、保險利益的存在時點與欠缺效果等議題，亦將一併提出建議。

Given insurable interest is a fundamental principle in insurance law, whether it would be applied in life insurance is highly controversial. The American law’s developments and responses to insurance trust, stranger-originated life insurance, and company-owned insurance, right trigger the three important perspectives of developments of insurable interest rule: liberalization of insurable interest, emphasis of substantial element, and reconsideration of insured’s consent. For solving the issue of insurable interest in insurance trust, the U.S. begins to recognize that trustee also has insurable interest for the insured. However, with the cover of trust, the abuse of stranger-originated life insurance is even more aggravated. Thus, the U.S. law requires a bona fide transaction and a real intent for insured to be covered by insurance. The relationship between insurable interest and insured’s consent can be further observed from the perspective of company-owned insurance. The majority of states requires both insurable interest and consent of insured, whereas the minority of states have differnet rules. Since Taiwan is considering the reform of insurable interest and insurance trust, developments in the U.S. are worthy of more attention. This paper analyzes the three perspectives of developments of the U.S., compares with the rules in relevant jurisdictions, and then reorganizes the insurable interest theory in Taiwan. We find that Common Law has significant developments in the content and consequence of insurable interest rule, and it is still an important mechanism to control moral hazard and relevant insurance products. For Taiwan, this paper justifies the insurable interest rule in life insurance and the current categories of insurable interest shall be modified. Meanwhile, a substantial element in insurable interest should be considered, and statutory insurable interest is presumed to satisfy such element. In addition, this paper will also provide suggestions for issues of group insurance, timing of insurable interest, and effect of a lack of insurable interest.