作為混雜性Hybridity的傳統：以Homi Bhabha的後殖民觀點論原住民族傳統智慧創作保護條例

Tradition as Homi Bhabhaian“Hybridity”: A Postcolonial Perspective on Taiwan’s Protection Act for the Traditional Intellectual Creations of Indigenous Peoples

我國的《原住民族傳統智慧創作保護條例》（下稱「原創條例」），在既有智慧財產權框架下，另創設「特別權利」，保護原住民族的傳統智慧創作。不少人認為原創條例無法回應不斷變動的原住民族傳統智慧創作，且可能更強化原住民族文化為「他者」的刻板印象。但，傳統智慧創作是否一律不宜受到現代法律的保護？本文認為，如果法律的設計，能承認原住民族文化不是僵固的傳統，並容許原住民族在其「混雜性」（Hybridity）的文化中行動的可能性，就能減低上述疑慮。本文首先分析反對原創條例的主要理由；其次，採取後殖民學者Homi Bhabha的混雜性理論，從文化混雜性作為描繪性概念與抵抗性策略兩層次，分別探討混雜性、協商、翻譯等概念，用以對照傳統智慧創作的特質，及原住民族在其文化混雜性中行動的可能。最後，本文分析文化混雜性如何藉原創條例被承認及展現。藉上述分析，本文發現，原創條例及其子法已部分承認傳統文化的混雜性；原住民族得依據原創條例，展現文化混雜性的行動，藉由登記制度敘述其文化的真實態樣、並與國家進行協商。原住民族也藉由專用權的獲得，保留了敘事和翻譯的權力。由此可知，依據原創條例及原住民族的行動，仍可創造出一條不囿於「傳統」的法律保護可行之路。

The Protection Act for the Traditional Intellectual Creations of Indigenous Peoples (“Protection Act”) has created a sui generis right for Indigenous peoples’traditional cultural expressions under the legal framework of intellectual property. Some scholars suggest that it is not appropriate for Indigenous peoples’traditional cultural expressions to be protected by modern intellectual property law. They argue that modern intellectual property law cannot respond to Indigenous peoples’changing and diverse cultures and may result in Indigenous peoples being viewed as“the Other”. However, can modern intellectual property law only do harm to Indigenous peoples’traditional cultural expressions? If the Protection Act can recognize hybridity existing in Indigenous peoples’traditional culture and allow Indigenous peoples’actions through their cultural hybridity, the above-mentioned doubts can be avoided. In this article, I firstly analyze the main arguments against the Protection Act. Secondly, I adopt Homi Bhabha’s theory regarding hybridity, in-between, negotiation and translation to understand the characteristics of Indigenous peoples’traditional cultural expressions and Indigenous peoples’actions based on their cultural hybridity. Finally, I observe how the Protection Act recognizes the hybridity of Indigenous peoples’culture and how Indigenous peoples describe and claim their tradition in the specifications in order to apply for registration of traditional cultural expressions. This article has found that the Protection Act and its by-law have partially recognized the hybridity of Indigenous peoples’culture. Indigenous peoples have commenced a dialogue with the modern state and described their hybrid and changing tradition in the process of registering their traditional cultural expressions. Through obtaining the exclusive legal right to use their traditional cultural expressionss, Indigenous peoples can maintain their power to narrate, negotiate and translate their culture. A way beyond isolating“tradition”to protect traditional cultural expressions has been created by means of the establishment of the Protection Act and the actions of Indigenous peoples.