「比興」之「比」與「類思維」之聯繫──從「前比興」之「比」到漢代「比類」的探索

A Study of the Connection between Lei Thinking and Bi of Bi-xing: Investigating the Development of the Concept from Bi in the Pre-Bi-xing Era to Bi-lei in the Han Dynasty

本論文論述「類思維」與「比興」交疊的歷史現象及其發展。認為漢人論「六詩」已失去樂教背景，而漢人論「六義」中的比、興則深受其時所盛行的類思維影響，比、興混同而難分且以喻釋興。這關鍵在於類思維的發展從原始的「類祭」發展到戰國時代，在諸子論辯譬喻的思考中，衍生出許多與類有關的理論術語。而「比類」的術語就是其中之一。從漢代以前到漢代文獻中的「比類」一詞，可見出「比」從「前比興」和「六詩」中的「比」，發展到漢代，其與類思維的發展日益接近，其潛藏的類思維要素更為彰顯。漢人的這種比、興觀，雖脫離樂教背景，但卻對後代的詩學產生深遠的影響。

This essay discusses the development of the overlapping relationship between lei (associative) thinking and bi (comparison) of bi-xing (comparison and evocation). The concept of bi-xing in the Han dynasty understanding of the “Six Forms of Poetry” (liu shi) had become removed from the context of music education in the pre-Qin period, and the concept of bi-xing in the Han “Six Principles of Poetry” (liu yi) became influenced by the lei thinking that prevailed at the time. Therefore, the content of the concepts of bi and xing was mixed and xing was explained by the concept of metaphor. If we refer to the historical development of lei, we can see that there was a development from lei as a sacrifice in ancient times to lei as a theoretical term in the philosophy of categorization and correspondence in the pre-Qin period. Bi-lei was one of the emerging terms of lei and became one of the commonly used terms in this period, from the pre-Qin to the Han dynasty. This phenomenon demonstrates that the earlier bi was transformed from its original meaning into the bi of the Six Principles of the Han dynasty, with latent elements of lei thinking becoming more manifest. This new concept of bi-xing would have a great influence on poetic theory in future generations, which could also be said to be the influence of lei thinking.