促進台灣農地使用權流動性之研究

A Study on Promoting the Mobility of Farmland Usufruct in Taiwan

台灣推動第一階段土地改革，實行耕地三七五減租與耕者有其田政策之後，對1950年代至1960年代中期的台灣農業生產快速成長貢獻卓著。惟此項改革不僅限制農場規模，也偏於保護佃農。此一改革特質在1970年代後由於經濟發展導致農業基礎條件顯著變動，而成為農業結構調整的空庭因素。雖有80年代的第二階段農地改革的採行，農地僵固性依舊，農場規模無法擴大。2000年農業發展條例的修訂，冀以農地租賃擴大農場規模，在未廢止耕地三七五減租條例，消除租地不易收回的疑慮情況下，其修法宗旨是否能達成，尚待觀察。德國農地地權（tenure）制度乃屬私有個別經營的私有財產制，台灣與之相較頗為類似。對土地權利之變動，在農地農用的原則下有各種自由選擇的方式。在考量取得農地使用權的成本與收益關係下，利用農地租賃方式，成為擴大農場規模最重要與最有效的途徑，因此德國促進農地使用權流動性所採取的措施與立法值得台灣引為借鏡。

Ever since the First Stage of Farmland Reform was carried out in Taiwan, the implementation of 37.5% rent reduction and land-to-the-tiller programs has great contribution to agricultural development during the period of 1950-1965. However, this reform not only limited the expansion of farm size but overly protected the tenants. Therefore, these consequences became hindrances of adjustment of agricultural structure due to the substantial change in agricultural constitution induced by rapid economic development in 1970s.Though the Second Stage of Farmland Reform has been implemented during 1980s for solving the problems of agricultural structure, the enlargement of farm size was not significant due to the rigidity of farmland usufruct. The revision of the Agricultural Development Act on year of 2000 attempts to expand farm size by way of farmland lease. But it is not clear if this goal can be attained before the 37.5% Rent Reduction Act is rescinded and the suspicion of whether the leased farmland is easily to retrieve is eliminated. Farmland tenure in Germany is pertaining to the privately-owned property system under which the farmland is privately and individually operated, which is similar to the system in Taiwan. As for the changes of land rights, there are a variety of formations can be chosen under the principles of farmland is for agrarian use only. To consider the cost-benefit analysis of obtaining farmland rights, farmland lease is the most effective way to enlarge the scale of farming operations, hence the legislation and measures that Germany adopted to promote the mobility of farmland usufruct are good examples for Taiwan.