國際關係學與政治理論的重新結合：以羅爾斯的《萬民法》為鑑

On the Reunion of International Relations and Political Theory: Reflections in Light of John Rawls's The Law of Peoples

主流的國際關係學向來比較側重經驗研究，相對地規範的研究就顯得比較薄弱。在實證主義受到挑戰之後，國際關係理論與政治理論雖然已有較多的交流，從而形成了「國際關係的政治理論」這個次領域。但這種交流比較像是單向的，即國際關係學者單向地借用政治理論來反省國際關係學。本文主張，「國際關係的政治理論」不妨以「國際關係倫理學」做為火車頭帶動此次領域的發展。而在規範論述方面，國際關係學者固然可以向政治理論家學習。然而國際關係學者卻不能期望只要依靠政治理論家的理論就能得到答案，因為政治理論家的思考也有其侷限性，其中最主要問題的是對經驗研究的認識不足，而此一不足之處，正需要靠國際關係的研究來彌補。為了避免流於泛泛之論，本文將以羅爾斯的《萬民法》為例，指出他的理論所依賴的「民主和平論」所產生的包容性問題，然後說明國際關係的經驗研究如何有助於修正羅爾斯的理論架構。藉由這個例子，本文試圖凸顯出國際政治的實質研究對建構政治理論的重要性，並說明國際關係的研究其實也可以有助於推進政治理論的研究。

Mainstream International Relations (IR) studies were largely dominated by empirical studies and often ignored normative issues. After positivism was challenged by post-positivism, there have been more exchanges between IR and Political Theory (PT), which leads to the genesis of International Political Theory (IPT). The exchange is, however, largely one-directional in that students of IR often borrow unilaterally from PT. This article argues that the exchange should be two-directional, which can be done by focusing on the Ethics of IR as the locomotive of the development of IPT. In doing the Ethics of IR, students of IR can certainly learn from the moral theorizing of PT, but the job cannot be fully done without their own active contributions to this sub-field. This is so because the students of PT often do not have a full grasp of the empirical facts and explanations in international relations, which leads to biases that can be corrected by drawing on the studies of IR. To avoid arguing in the abstract, this paper uses John Rawls's The Law of Peoples as an illustration. It will points out that Rawls's appropriation of the democratic peace thesis creates a serious problem of exclusion/ inclusion, and this problem can be overcome by reworking Rawls's framework in light of the empirical studies of IR. By exposing the weaknesses of Rawls's theory, this article means to show that substantive studies in IR may also contribute to the progress of PT.