國際關係理論中的新葛蘭西學派

New Gramscian School on International Relation Theories

馬克思主義缺乏與主流國關理論對話機會，1980年代，隨著國際政治經濟學（IPE）發展，再度重視馬克斯思想對國際事務的理解，其中又以新葛蘭西學派最受重視。新葛蘭西學派根源於義大利左翼思想家葛蘭西的政治理論，考克斯教授運用在國際關係領域，其他學者並用在解釋全球化、區域化等現象。本文介紹新葛蘭西學派的歷史結構分析以及獨特方法論。考克斯分析觀念、物質能力和制度等三者之間辯證關係所建立的歷史結構，並應用到社會力量、國家形式和世界秩序等人類活動領域。近幾年來，新葛蘭西學者耕耘區域整合、全球霸權和全球公民社會等相關研究並且成果豐碩，豐富國際關係理論內涵。

Marxism is deficient in talking opportunity with mainstream international relation theories. In 1980s, Marxism perspective on international affairs, especially new Gramscian School, was reconsidered with the development of International Political Economy. New Gramscian School was derived from the political thought of Italian leftist Antonio Gramsci. The most important concepts connecting Gramsci to New Gramscian School are civil society, hegemony and historical bloc. Although Gramsci didn't pay more attention on foreign affairs than domestic politics, Professor Robert W. Cox applied his key concepts to international relation area as well as others use these to understand globalization and regionalization. This paper introduces the analysis of historical structure of New Gramscian School and its specific methodology. Cox uses historical structure constructed by ideas, material capabilities and institutions and he analyses these three factors' dialectical relation. Furthermore, he applies historical structure to three human activities: social forces, forms of state and world order. Scholars of New Gramscian School focus mainly on the studies of regional integration, global hegemony and global civil society. In recent years, more and more academic writings from New Gramscian School enrich international relation theories.