緬甸的改革開放與亞太大國關係發展

Myanmar's Reform and Openness and the Relationship developing with Asia-Pacific Powers

改革開放的緬甸為美國、日本及印度等大國積極交往的國家，緬甸天然資源豐富，其面向印度洋，地處銜接南亞及東南亞的橋梁，亦係唯一鄰接中國與印度兩大經濟體的東協國家，戰略位置優越。緬甸結束與國際接軌之際，正值美國推動重返亞太、日本提倡再平衡東南亞政策、印度擴大推行東向政策(Look East Policy)及中國推行一帶一路計畫等情勢，大國爭逐亞太權力的局勢更加凸顯緬甸的戰略地位，緬甸成為新的權力賽局中不可或缺的角色。2011 年的登盛政府開啟緬甸對外關係的新紀元，與各國關係陸續修復、提升；2016 年新國會成立，民主領袖翁山蘇姬所信賴的碇喬(Htin Kyaw)擔任總統，成立民主政府，更進一步深化緬甸與亞太重要國家交往的有利因素，然同時也考驗緬甸建立在大國關係中的平衡態勢。本文將探討緬甸推動改革開放與美國、中國、印度及日本的關係發展；此外亦將研析隨著美國川普政府亞太政策的易轍、美中關係定位不明、南海領土爭議擴大等情勢變化，將對緬甸經營大國關係的挑戰與機會為何等議題。

Since the army seized the government, Burma entered the period of military regime and was renamed as ''Myanmar'' more than fifty years. Due to the military ruling's political depression and human violation, Myanmar's inherent economic and strategic significance has been ignored for decades under international sanction and isolation. China became the sole military and economic resort for the ''pariah government.'' Burma/Myanmar seems a missing part of Asia-Pacific map since 1960s. In wake of political and economic reform programme leading toward the path of democratization, Myanmar gradually brought a close to ''door-locking'' policy and reopened the country to the rest of world in the transition from military dictatorship to civilian politics, the 2010 and 2015 election making a landmark. This country's economic endowment and geographic location which links South Asia and Southeast Asia as the only ASEAN member bordering the two economic giants, China and India, and looks outward to Indian Ocean and Malacca Strait, came to limelight on Asia-Pacific powers game which United States, China, Japan and India have been involved. Myanmar comes to be a heartland for the powers competing for resources, dominance and influence on Southeast Asia area. The strategic concern shared by Myanmar, US, Japan and India is how to prevent the resurgence of China's dominance over Naypyidaw authority, and for China, it matters to break the formation of encirclement imposed by the outer powers through Myanmar. Myanmar's openness and reform brings forth a new page for the relink with the region and international, reveals the significance of her endowment and geographic location, unavoidably accompanied by the major powers strategic competition. This article will explore how Myanmar's democratization made a shift on its external relation with Asia-Pacific Powers and in the dynamics, how the newly-shaped country formulates a balanced and stable bilateral relationship in the area.