圓明園「同樂園」三層戲樓建立新考

New Research on the Establishment of the Three-story Theater Stage of ”Tongle Yuan” in the ”Old Summer Palace”

根據清代內府《活計檔》、《奏案》、《奏銷檔》，以及絹本《圓明園四十景圖》等文獻所記，可知圓明園「同樂園」三層大戲臺並非目前學界所推想的建成於雍正四年或乾隆初年。實際上，「同樂園」三層戲臺的興工，約在乾隆二十一年（1756）二月間，至乾隆二十二年秋冬間竣工（略晚於熱河行宮大戲臺）。而在此之前，壽安宮已出現臨時性三層大戲臺，熱河也已建成持久性三層大臺，因此，「同樂園」並非三層大戲臺的發源地。但基於「同樂園」三層大臺建設時間的考定，諸如壽安宮臨時性三層大戲臺的戲劇史意義、乾隆朝三層大戲臺興建的熱潮，以及乾隆初年張照等人奉敕編纂《勸善金科》、《昇平寶筏》等大戲曲本、內府編印五色本《勸善金科》等議題，都有重新研判的必要。由此，我們仍然不能忽略或低估「同樂園」三層大臺在清代戲劇史以及「圓明園」建築史研究方面的地位與價值。

According to records in the documents of Huoji Dang(活計檔), Zou An (奏案), Zouxiao Dang(奏銷檔)-from the Inner Palace of the Qing dynasty-as well as the silk version of Yuanming Yuan Sishi Jing Tu(圓明園四十景圖), it can be seen that the Three-story Theater Stage of ＂Tongle Yuan＂(同樂園)in the ＂Old Summer Palace＂ was not constructed in the fourth year of Yongzheng or the early years of Qianlong. In fact, the three-story stage in Tong Le Yuan began to be built approximately in the second lunar month of the 21^(st) year of Qianlong (1756), and was completed between autumn and winter in the 22^(nd) year of Qianlong, a little later than the grand stage in the Chengde Imperial Summer Resort. Before that, there had been a temporary three-story stage in Shou'an Palace(壽安宮)and a perdurable three-story stage in the Chengde Imperial Summer Resort. Therefore, ＂Tongle Yuan＂ was not the birthplace of the three-story stage. However, it is necessary to re-examine certain of these issues, such as the historical significance of the temporary three-story in Shou'an Palace, the boom in the building of the three-story stage during the Qianlong era, Zhang Zhao(張照)and the others with the compilation of Quanshan Jinke(勸善金科)and Shengping Baofa(昇平寶筏)under order in the early years of Qianlong, as well as the edition of Quanshan Jinke compiled by the imperial palace and printed in five colors, in order to judge on the basis of examination and make determination of the time of emergence of the three-story stage of Tongle Yuan. So, we still cannot ignore or underestimate the status and value of the three-story stage of Tongle Yuan, for the research on Qing dynasty drama history and the architectural history of ＂Old Summer Palace＂.