漢魏兩晉南朝官僚選用文書的演變及其意義──以狀、行狀、簿狀和簿閥為主的考察

On the Transformation of Civil Appointment Documents in Early Medieval China

魏晉以來，以九品官人法為主體的官僚選用制度，奠立了士族政治體制的基礎。以唐長孺、宮崎市定等學界的先行研究為基礎，本文將焦點置於此一選用制度下的「行狀」、「簿狀」、「簿閥」等以狀為名或衍生的選用文書，考察此類文書的內涵、演變及其關係。

官僚選用在魏晉以後為吏部與中正所主持，選用文書上主要形成中正品狀與吏部證驗之用的簿狀。隨著士族政治的體制愈趨穩定，漢代以來具體記錄官僚個人功行、經歷的條疏行狀，逐漸轉變為魏晉以下記錄個人和家族婚宦的簿狀。受到政治秩序與文化轉變的影響，記述亡者的行狀也在此時問世，由亡者的角度建立和解釋士人與官僚秩序的關係。簿狀與行狀都以描述人物為主，卻朝向極簡和繁縟兩個完全相反的方向發展，前者與戶籍建立密切聯繫，後者則在文學領域具有舉足輕重的份量，並且逐漸脫離產生之初的本義與現實。唐宋以後的家狀、家譜，以及公私撰作的行狀，在形式上雖源自漢魏以來的狀類文書，卻已不同於隋唐以前的文書，反映了中古政治文化和制度的再次轉變。

本文考察選用體制下的狀類文書之演變，梳理漢魏至南朝選用文書乃至政治文化的演變，同時藉由文書重新深入認識士族政治、門閥社會的本質。透過本文也可認識到，開發與利用留存於傳世文獻的文書材料，對於重新且深入認識與解釋中古時期的政治文化現象，具有相當積極的意義。

 

After the collapse of the Eastern Han dynasty, the early medieval Chinese aristocratic society comprised of scholar-officials was gradually built up on the basis of the Nine-Rank system. During the Six Dynasties, the Ministry of Personnel and the local Rectifier (zhongzheng 中正) were in charge of civil appointments and merit ratings, and with the rapid growth of the aristocratic society, personnel files and civil documents used in the selection process of officials were transformed in format and in content. The most notable of all were positive descriptions of officials and their families (buzhuang 簿狀) derived from detailed conduct descriptions (tiaoshu xingzhuang 條疏行狀), which had been mainly about personal ability and conduct in office in the Han dynasties, but now primarily concerned a family’s records of marriage and official ranks. These documents played a crucial role in the medieval Chinese bureaucracy, and although in later times their format and meaning were completely changed, we can discover in them a transformation of early medieval China.