高夫曼戲劇理論下之社區活動參與─ 以台中市舊正社區太極拳班為例

Community Activity Participation Observed Using Goffman’s Dramaturgical Theory: A Case Study of a Tai Chi Team in the Chiou-Cheng Community in Taichung

本研究從高夫曼之戲劇理論觀點，以臺中市霧峰區舊正社區太極拳班為對象，藉由參與觀察、關係建立、與深度訪談之過程而完成。有關人在生活場域裡的各種自我表現，舉凡社會的禮儀規範，或人們互動的行為種種，皆可視為表演，亦即戲劇的演出。

 

在研究過程中，浮現了高夫曼的戲劇理論中的角色相關的聯想，因而聯結至華人戲曲的角色臉譜，生、旦、淨、末、丑，臉譜背後恰有對其角色特質之解讀，並在戲劇裡論的基礎與概念下，詮釋各角色於班隊活動進行及互動時之行為表現並加以分析，忠實呈現在戲劇架構下的社區參與與日常表現。

 

本研究之分析依循表演的起承轉合，從班隊的起源探討、進而了解成員在表演進行中面對面互動的做為，最終以落幕對應成員面臨危機時的處理，形塑出完整的戲劇。在戲劇縮影下的成員，本本分分地演出自己，並非刻意為演而演，也正因如此，過程中透露出的訊息才能真實地刻劃在各自對應的角色上，不需做表演印象上的修飾或形象的維持。

 

最後，研究者在班隊成員所擁有之強烈參與動機中，看見太極拳班永續長存的可能性。成員雖各自扮演不同的角色，卻對班隊有著強烈的認同，有默契地透過自己的方式服務大家，維繫並營造溫暖之氛圍，讓人窺見了社區中獨有的團結與和諧。

 

Adopting Goffman’s dramaturgical theory, this study conducted participant observation and in-depth interview methods on and established relationship with the participants in a Tai Chi team of the Chiou-Cheng Community in Wufeng District, Taichung City, Taiwan. Individuals’ presentation of self in everyday life, including social etiquettes and norms and interpersonal interactions, can all be considered a type of performance, namely theatrical performance.

 

This study associated role-related ideas in Goffman’s dramaturgical theory with the roles in Chinese Opera (i.e., Sheng, Dan, Jing, Mo, and Chou), each of which corresponds to a specific role characteristic. Using concepts of dramaturgical theory as the basis, this study interpreted and analyzed the behavioral performance of the roles during team activities and their interactions to faithfully demonstrate the community participation and daily performance under a theatrical structure.

 

The analysis process accorded with the plot of the performance. We explored the beginning of the team and the face-to-face interactions of the participants during the performance. Then, in a closing scene, the participants’ contingent approach in the face of crises completed the drama. The participants acted themselves faithfully, rather than purposefully. Therefore, the messages revealed during the performance were genuinely reflected on the participants’ corresponding roles without image modification or maintenance for the performance.

 

Finally, the researchers identified the possibility of continual maintenance of the Tai Chi team because of the strong participation motivation of the participants. Although the participants played different roles, they share a strong identity to the Tai Chi team. They tacitly provided individual services to the team, created and maintained warm atmospheres, and showed unique unification and harmony of the community.