評析「史記」論劉邦的功業與歷史定位

An Analysis of Liu Pang's Exploits and his Historical Orientation Based on Su Ma-chien's Shi-ji（Records of the Historian）

本文旨在分析太史公如何解釋劉邦集團建立漢帝國原因及對劉邦的評價。文中指出太史公認為漢帝國的建立，異於三代及秦朝的立國方式—憑藉諸侯國的地位，加上開國之君為聖君，或是數代國君不斷進行軍事擴充，方能建立新王朝。劉邦以一介平民，憑藉本身英雄的條件，率領一群基層官民乘勢而起。秦朝末年的動亂與陳涉、項梁起義，為劉邦提供有利的情勢；而劉邦的政治天賦與三傑不世出的長才，為時代開創新局。太史公對劉邦的描述與評價，不單依道德標準與事功價值，而是採取歷史判斷，從歷史發展角度，深入分析劉邦開出平民建國的歷史先例，並隱約透顯劉邦立國後，所表現出濃厚的「家天下」思想。太史公的作法，提供一條吾人評論自身歷史的可行途徑。

The purpose of this study is to analyze Taishih Kung's evaluation of Liu Pang, and his explanation of how the Liu Pang collective founded the Han Dynasty. Taishih Kung thought that the Han Dynasty was through the interaction of two factors, “trend” and “hero.” By looking closely at the historical path that begins with the Qin Dynasty's downfall and ends Chen Sheng's revolution and Hsiang Yu's hegemony, Taishih Kung perceived that Liu Pang had followed the trend. Yet at the same time, it was the great intelligence of Liu Pang and the other three heroes that initiated the new era. Instead of judging Liu Pang by conventional moral standards or by the value his achievements, Taishih Kung interpreted him within his historical context. Viewed in this light, it is clear that Liu Pang had set the historical precedent for attributing the founding of the Han Dynasty to an ordinary person; it is also clear that Liu Pang's ambition was to achieve hereditary domination. Therefore it is concluded that Taishih Kung's analysis of Liu Pang is noteworthy, for it is not based solely on the character, success or failure of this historical figure.