管制型國家之治理：以英國國鐵民營化為個案分析

The Rise of the Regulatory State:A Case Study of Regulatory Governance in the Privatizing of the British Railway

在已開發國家中，公共管理與管制革新過程之間的聯繫已經進入所謂的後民營化時代之「管制型國家」，其引發了政府革新，但更核心的問題應是對政府之管制治理制度的關注，這觀點已儼然成為共識。然而，管制治理不應被視為規則的強制執行，而應被視為新自由主義市場改革的一個關鍵部分，應涵括民營化和改造後的國家市場機制，例如簽約外包和公私合夥制度。本文旨在釐清新公共管理浪潮之下，管制型國家之治理等概念；第二部分將以大力推動新公共管理的英國為個案分析，探求英國在鐵路民營化、競爭和管制等政策及其治理架構的發展進行說明分析；最後分析英國管制治理改革在發展中國家所衍生的管制治理議題，並據此提出對台灣在管制治理上的政策建議。

In the traditional view, the “welfare state” would both manage the economy and promote the welfare of the public. However, New Public Management（NPM is driven by the assumption that large state bureaucracies are inherently defective and wasteful, and that the market is better equipped than the state to provide most goods and services. This paper looks critically at the institutional and policy foundations of NPM. It begins with an explanation of the key concepts of regulatory governance in the UK, then explores the developments that have taken place in these policy areas in the British railway industry. The final section analyzes problems related to the application of regulatory governance in developing economies. “Policy transfer” from developed western countries to developing, non-western countries is a tricky and complex process which requires long periods of transition, and this is certainly true for developing countries which want to adopt a modern regulatory governance system of the British type. Yet not until the latter has been fully（if flexibly） adapted to the context of a developing country can substantial reforms in the developing country's system become successful. Based on a case study of the UK's Railway System, then, this paper finally offers some policy suggestions for Taiwan's current policy of regulatory governance.