冰山模型應用於籃球裁判之職能發展

Iceberg model of basketball referees’competency development

本文以冰山模型及裁判專業能力概念為架構，提出冰山模型對應的籃球裁判職能，其中外顯能力包含執法與比賽知識、判決技巧、搭配技巧與掌控技巧；潛在特質在自我概念方面包含專業態度與敬業精神，動機方面包含尊重需求、社會需求與自我實現，特質方面則為裁判風格。外顯能力可透過執法經驗累積，輔以面對瞬息萬變的比賽，能在最短時間內做出明確的判決。潛在特質則須開發，對籃球裁判職能發展具有重大意義，有系統地訓練，可得到潛移默化的效果，亦助於籃球裁判職能升級發展。本文除提出籃球裁判職能的冰山模型外，更重要透過激勵自我對話的訓練，降低裁判執法時的焦慮及壓力，提升裁判執法表現，增強參與動機及認知，使有志者能向頂尖裁判之路邁進。建議相關單位，規劃適合現代專業需求之研習活動，建立有效的考核機制，客觀的裁判執法表現評估及分析方式，強化籃球裁判的職能教育，培養裁判執法共識，建立良好互動關係及團隊合作精神，創造籃球裁判專業能力培養的絕佳環境。

The purpose of this study was to display the basketball referee competencies, based on Spencer’s Iceberg Model and referees’ professional competency conception. The iceberg model of basketball referee competency, including the explicit abilities: officiation and game knowledge, judgement skills, matching skills and mastery skills. For potential trait; it is included professional attitude and professionalism in terms of self-concept, motivation contains esteem needs, social needs, and self-realization, traits are referee styles. Experienced basketball referees have already accumulated substantial explicit abilities. This makes them to make the most sensible judgment and to make decision as quick as possible when being faced with various situations. For basketball referee professional competencies, the development of potential trait had great significance. With systematic training, the resulting effect will be effective to help the development of basketball referee professional competencies. This study proposed an iceberg model of basketball referee competencies as the development of indicators. Most importantly, through self-motivation dialogue training which made referees reduce anxiety and pressure. To improve the performance of referees involved in motivation and cognition. Also, to enhance the performance, participation motivation and cognition were required. The relevant units should plan some learning activities which are for the current needs, and establish an effective evaluation and assessment. Strengthen the functions of educating basketball referees. Cultivate referees’ trust, establish a good interaction and team spirit, and to provide the best environment for professional basketball referees. This will enhance the quality of basketball referees and would have an immediate contribution.