運動情境中道德脫離之探究

Moral Disengagement in Sport Context

運動中的各種行為一直是相關領域研究的重點，而為了減少運動領域中的反社會行為的出現，研究者須瞭解此行為背後可能的成因。Boardley與Kavussanu (2007) 將Bandura (1991) 提出的道德脫離模式應用在運動脈絡中，研究運動中的道德脫離與反社會行為間的關係。為與時並進，本研究回顧至今有關運動中道德脫離之中英文文獻，整理重要結果：(一) 目前已發展出長、短各一之英文測驗量表，與兩款中文量表；(二) 統整發現運動脈絡中的道德脫離會導致反社會行為的出現，而參與團隊開放性運動之運動員相較於個人封閉性項目之運動員，有較高的道德脫離情況；男性運動員之道德脫離狀況高於女性運動員；競技水準較高之運動員也顯示有較高的道德脫離；(三) 教練的風格、情緒、自我定位、動機與人格特質都會對運動員的道德脫離產生影響。最後本研究建議未來如何改善現有量表，發展出適用於國內的測量工具，並進一步瞭解運動脈絡中道德脫離之其他因素，如何透過教育改善運動員的道德脫離狀況，以期在深入瞭解道德脫離後，能發展出有效改善運動員反社會行為之策略。

Behaviors in sports have been one of the research focuses for long. The possible causes of these deviant behaviors should be deterred to diminish such behaviors. Boardley and Kavussanu (2007) introduced the moral disengagement mechanisms by Bandura (1996) into the sport research to identify the relationship between moral disengagement and antisocial behaviors in sports. The studies on moral disengagement in sports gained great attention internationally since then however studies regarding such issue are rather scarce in Taiwan. Hence, the study reviewed the findings of domestic and international researches on moral disengagement in sport so forth and summarized: (1) current instruments available – moral disengagement in sports, moral disengagement in sports –short, and two Chinese version scales; (2) It has been proved that moral disengagement in sport would render antisocial behaviors in sport context. It is also found players in team contact sports (e.g. basketball, football, and hockey) have higher moral disengagement at play. Male athletes tend to have higher moral disengagement than their female counterparts. Athletes competing in higher level also show higher moral disengagement; (3) Factors such as coaching styles, emotion, self-orientation, motivation, and personality traits may deter the severity of moral disengagement of athletes hence further spur the antisocial behaviors in sports. Finally, it is suggested that a measurement of moral disengagement adequate for Taiwanese athletes and effective strategies for improving the antisocial behaviors should be developed based on the knowledge of moral disengagement in sports.