民族國家當「堡壘」？二十一世紀初歐洲的民族主義與右派民粹主義

Fortress "Nation"? European Nationalism and Right-Wing Populism at the Beginning of the 21st Century

幾十年以來，在歐盟的框架下，史無前例的歐洲統合過程已使得歐洲國家與國家之間的對立緩和，並且拆卸了許多國家之間的阻隔與限制。儘管如此，在當代的歐洲，民族主義仍舊是一股頗有影響力的力量，以易懂的號召及主張打動民眾的心。但不同於最早期以建立、保全國土為使命的民族主義，也不同於使歐洲陷入兩次世界大戰的攻擊性帝國主義式民族主義；現今的民族主義已轉變爲所謂的「右派民粹主義」，一種防衛性的民族主義，反抗歐洲的統一，反抗歐盟框架下對民族國家權利的干涉，並且拒絕多重文化的社會。本文試圖找到右派民粹主義在歐洲民族主義政治光譜的位置，並推論右派民粹主義未來影響到歐盟與歐洲的可能性。

During the recent decades and unparalleled in history, European integration within the frame of the European Union has helped to reduce conflicts between nations and reduced the importance of national boundaries. Nevertheless, even in contemporary Europe nationalism is still an influential force that moves the continent, albeit in a different shape than in previous times. Classical nationalism that aimed at the establishment or conservation of national states, as well as expansive imperialist nationalism that led to the tragedies of the World Wars have been superseded by so-called right-wing populism, a kind of defensive nationalism poised against many aspects of the European integration process, stressing the rights of national states in opposition to the European Union and rejecting multicultural society. This paper attempts to assess the position of right-wing populism within the spectrum of European nationalism, and its potential effect on the future development of the EU and Europe.