權利消長 天平傾斜──探究「通知／取下」程序之平衡假象

DMCA Under Seige-- Exploring the Balanced Illusion of the Notice and Take-down Procedures

一九九八年美國制定數位千禧年著作權法案，建構網路服務提供者的責任避風港，意圖透過「通知／取下」程序建立著作權人、網路服務提供者和使用者之間嶄新的權利平衡模式。二○一六年美國聯邦第九巡迴上訴法院Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.案表示合理使用屬於依法使用（經著作權法許可使用）行為，著作權人寄發侵權通知之前應進行合理使用評估。本文整理我國與美國規範「通知／取下」程序和合理使用的法條，並且以上述案件為開端，側重評析「回復通知及回復程序」隱含的問題和認定「不實通知」的考量因素。

In 1998, the United States enacted the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), which provided a civil liability safe harbor for Internet service providers resulting from infringing content posted by users. The legislative intent was to create a new balance of rights between copyright owners, ISPs and users through the notice and take-down procedures. In 2016, the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. concluded that because 17 U.S.C. § 107 created a type of non-infringing use, fair use is authorized by the copyright law and a copyright holder must consider the existence of fair use before sending a DMCA take-down notice under § 512(c). This article addresses both Taiwan and U.S. Copyright Law governing the notice and take-down procedures and the fair use principle. This article also discusses the above-mentioned Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. case, focusing on the analysis of copyright issues implied in the counter-notification and reinstatement procedures and factors determining material misrepresentations in the DMCA take-down notice.