1979年伊朗革命之中政教關係的回顧與重思

Retrospective and Rethinking of Politics-Religion Relationship in the Iranian Revolution of 1979

在學術研究之中，政教關係是討論1979年伊朗革命的熱門議題。由於革命之後宗教人士何梅尼掌握政權，也使得研究學者積極探討著什葉派宗教人士得以對政治產生影響力的根源。在伊斯蘭信仰的什葉派於十六世紀成為伊朗國教之後，政教問題也就成為近現代的伊朗史之中重大事件的主要特色，舉凡十九世紀宗教界對世俗政權之否定、1906年立憲革命的宗教力量均為如此。由於1979年伊朗革命的結果，近現代伊朗史就出現了以政教問題為主的歷史解釋。1979年伊朗革命，就像是長久以來世俗政治與神聖宗教之間對立衝突的產物。然而，從不同的文獻與立場等相關研究來看，政教關係並非歷史發展的主軸，也不是導致事件發生的原因。宗教人士對於政治的立場，其實對政局發展並沒有影響。有宗教人士參與的政治活動，並不等於宗教在其中產生影響力。1979年的革命便是如此，何梅尼雖然成為革命之後新政府的精神領導人，但大部分的革命運動其實與何梅尼沒有關係，也不是何梅尼發起。巴札爾干與巴賀提亞爾等政治人物，反而才是革命運動的主角。這場革命表面上看似有神聖宗教與世俗政治衝突的性質，但其實不容易看出是哪一種因素導致革命。

This article examines the influence of Politics-Religion relationship in the Iranian Revolution of 1979. Academic studies argue that Islam was the key factor that made the 1907 revolution happen. The reign of Ayatollah Khomeini after the Revolution specifically proved that he played an important role in the incident. Studies thus endeavored to discover the root of the tremendous influence of Islam, and concluded that secular politics and sacred Islam had been rivalries for a long time in the history of Iran. In these studies, hence, it can be seen that Islam had impacts on Iranian politics. The Shi‘ite ulama (clergy) denied the justification of the secular political administration, and also challenged the Iranian government and then caused some great incidents, such as the Constitutional Revolution of 1906, the protests to the Pahlavi government in 1978, and the 1979 Revolution. The 1979 Revolution was viewed as a product of a long period conflict of politics and religion. It was also a great incident referring to the rise of Islam, which was suppressed by the policy of westernization of the Pahlavi government. However, from various original documents and different materials, conflict of politics and religion was not the main characteristic in the history of Iran. Khomeini and Islam did not actually play the most important roles in the Iranian Revolution of 1979, in which there were more factors and subjects, such as Bazargan and Bakhtiyar, worth to explore with. So far Khomeini is still a symbol of charisma, a legend, and even a myth to many Iranians. Nevertheless, he and the 1979 Revolution indeed need to be examined, in order to make things clearer. Therefore, this article suggests that the Iranian Revolution of 1979, which took place 36 years ago, is worth to look through in different ways for a better understanding, rather than simply one perspective from conflict of politics and religion.