多元結構下歐洲基本權利保障體系：歐盟法與歐洲人權公約間互動式發展與影響

The Pluralism Architecture of European Fundamental Rights Protection: The Interactual Development and Influence between the EU law and European Convention on Human Rights

歐洲人權保障結構呈現出多元性的特點。歐盟法院和歐洲人權法院分別依據歐盟法和《歐洲人權公約》保障公民的基本權利。雖然兩個法律體系是相互獨立的，兩個法院也都十分重視在各自的領域內解釋基本權利的自治性，但是歐盟法和歐洲人權公約在保障基本權利的發展過程中存在著互動式影響。在立法領域中，1992年《馬斯特里赫特條約》將《歐洲人權公約》作為歐盟法的一般法律原則；此後，2001年《歐洲基本權利憲章》移植了《歐洲人權公約》的所有權利，並且要求歐盟法院對來源於人權公約的憲章權利的解釋標準不得低於人權公約的規定。在司法領域中，歐盟法院早在1975年的Rutili案中就開始以引用和解釋歐洲人權公約的方式審理基本權利的案件；從1996年的Pv.S判決開始援引人權法院的判決作為解釋人權公約的基礎。即使在《歐洲基本權利憲章》生效後，歐盟法院也會在解釋和適用基本權利時參照人權法院解釋以確保兩個獨立的法律體系的協調性。相應地，歐盟基本權利保障制度的發展對人權法院的判決也產生了影響。人權法院通過借鑒歐盟法院的判例，歐盟法令以及《歐洲基本權利憲章》的規定對案件進行判決，從而增強了判決結果的說服力，也維護了歐洲基本權利保障秩序。雖然歐盟法院第2/13號意見中斷了歐盟加入歐洲人權公約的進程，但是兩個跨國法院都明白維護歐洲基本權利體系的重要性。因此，雖然挑戰尚存，但是維護多元體系下歐洲基本權利保障制度的協調是兩者間共同的選擇。

The European architecture of protection on fundamental rights presents the feature of pluralism. The two transnational courts—Court of Justice European Union（CJEU） and European Court of Human Rights（ECtHR）—have the competence of adjudicating human rights cases respectively in coincidence with EU law and European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Though the two jurisdictions are independent, while ECtHR and CJEU cherish their autonomy on the interpretation of fundamental rights exclusively, there are interactive influences between the EU law and ECHR within development of the both legal system. In the legislative field, the fundamental rights embodied by the ECHR are recognized as general principles of Community law in the Maastricht Treaty. Then European Charter of Fundamental Rights almost transplant all the fundamental rights from the ECHR. In the field of adjudication, CJEU applied the Convention provisions as normative legal sources in the Rutili judgment as early as 1975, while since the judgment of Pv.S, the ECtHR caselaw are usually referred as the necessary authoritative parameters whenever CJEU interprets the Convention. Even in the Post Lisbon era when the EU Charter came into effect, EU judges would have to take the ECtHR jurisprudence into account whenever interpret EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, ensuring the harmonization of meaning and scope of fundamental rights in the European multilevel system. EU legal system vice versa gives a strongly impact on the development of ECtHR jurisprudence. In order to bring the legitimacy of ECtHR decision and maintain the harmonization of European pluralism legal order, CJEU jurisprudence and EU directive are often borrowed acting as the source of law, as well as the provision or the institution embodied by the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights is cited as the important relevant source in its judgment. Despite the fact that the opinion 2/13 suspends the EU accession to the ECHR, the two transnational courts have the awareness that the maintenance of the harmonization of plural European legal order in fundamental rights serves the common interests.