論「基督宗教徒－穆斯林」的宗教對話─以塔里克．拉瑪丹（Tariq Ramadan）與保羅．田立克（Paul Tillich）之理念為例探討之

“Christian-Muslim” Dialogue from the Perspectives of Tariq Ramadan and Paul Tillich

被美國時代雜誌讚譽為二十一世紀百位最重要的創新學者──塔里克．拉瑪丹（Tariq Ramadan），向全伊斯蘭世界提出「歐洲穆斯林」的概念，即伊斯蘭必須立基於歐洲文化情境中，穆斯林才能在歐洲的環境生存發展。拉瑪丹為埃及穆斯林兄弟會創立者哈桑．班納（Hassan al-Banna，1906-1949）的外孫，有伊斯蘭原教旨主義的背景；然而，他卻成長於歐洲，並在瑞士日內瓦大學接受養成教育。該大學為基督教宗教改革家約翰．加爾文（John Calvin，1509-1565）所創立的，是栽培新教傳教者的大本營。德國著名的基督教新教系統神學家保羅．田立克（Paul Tillich，1886-1965）提出了「新存有」（New Being）與「終極關懷」（Ultimate Concern）兩個理論，此二理論的提出，對不同宗教或教派的交流帶來很大的影響。本研究試圖從塔里克．拉馬丹歷年著作和論述中，來深入理解與分析其作為當代歐洲領先的穆斯林學者，對於基督教—穆斯林的宗教對話思想、理論與實踐，有如何的前瞻性建構和實踐路徑。本論文亦擬以田立克的「新存有」與「終極關懷」理論，與拉瑪丹之理論作對照，以此提出當代基督教徒—穆斯林之間衝突的宗教對話基礎及解決之道。

The Time magazine once praised Tariq Ramadan as one of the hundred most important innovative scholars of the twenty-first century. Tariq Ramadan proposes "European Muslims" concept to the whole Islamic world, pointing out that Muslims in Europe must place Islam in the European cultural context for its development in the new direction, which is the way of Muslims survival in non-Islamic abode. Tariq Ramadan is the grandson of the Egyptian Salafist Muslim Brotherhood founder, Hassan Banner (Hassan al-Banna, 1906-1949). However, he grew up in Europe and was educated at the University of Geneva, which was founded by Christian religious reformer John Calvin (1509-1565), and has been the stronghold of Protestant missionary. The famous German Protestant theologian Paul Tillich (1886-1965) proposed the two "New Being" and "Ultimate Concern" theories for communication between different religious groups. It has created great impacts on religious dialogue. This study attempts to bring out Tariq Ramadans writings and public discussions over the years to understand a contemporary European leading Muslim thinkers ideology of religious and cultural dialogues, especially the Christian-Muslim dialogue. Besides, this paper also intends to analyze Paul Tillichs "New Being" and "Ultimate Concern" theories to match the theory of Tariq Ramadan in order to propose solutions to contemporary Christians-religious conflict through dialogue between Muslims and Christians.