海軍參與海上執法的國際法基礎與實踐

The International Law Basis and Practices on Navy Participating in Law Enforcement at the Sea

英法“扇貝之戰”及我國東海執法演習引起了國內外對海軍參與海上執法的關注。海軍參與海上執法擁有國際法基礎，《公海公約》和《海洋法公約》及多個國際法律檔都明確了軍艦的執法地位。國際實踐中，雖然美國早期曾禁止軍隊執法，但隨著海上事務的多樣化，現今無論其立法還是實施中海軍都已深深地介入執法，而法國、加拿大等國家更是以立法形式賦予海軍人員執法權力。目前，雖然仍存在政治、外交及技術上的顧慮，但都不足以成為禁止海軍參與海上執法的理由。

Two incidents, the “scallop war” between England and France and Chinese law enforcement exercise in the East China Sea, have made the issue of navy participating in law enforcement a hot topic. Navy participating in law enforcement has international law basis, Convention on the High Seas and United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and several international legal documents define the status of warships in law enforcement. In international practice, once army participating in law enforcement has been prohibited in U.S.A. However, with the diversification of marine affairs, now U.S. navy has deeply involved in law enforcement in legislations and practices, and naval personnel is given law enforcement power through legislations in France, Canada and so on. At present, though some worries in politics, diplomacy and technology still exist, navy participating in law enforcement should not be prohibited for these reasons.