從司法消極主義走向司法積極主義──以日本違憲審查之積極化條件與傾向為中心

From Judicial Restraint to Judicial Activism: The Active Condition and Tendency of Japanese Judicial

本論文的核心主軸是就日本違憲審查制度做歷史性的探究。日本違憲審查制度係模仿美國的附隨型違憲審查制，但與美國現行制度的運作情形相異的是，日本最高法院往往被批評過於保守，而有自陷於「司法消極主義」之譏，而本文所欲探究的是，究竟什麼樣的外在制度條件，使得日本最高法院的消極化，而又是什麼樣的制度條件，能夠促使最高法院的積極化。在整理日本學說上對於最高法院消極化的批評後，本文認為日本最高法院的消極化其有來自，這是參雜了許多政治社會的因素和制度設計的缺陷所造成後果。而面對此現象，日本學界有改革的倡議，社會各界亦有興起變革的聲音，並在2001年提出司法制度改革審議書，但本文認為相關的改革建議均有打擊面向過狹的問題，而未關照整體的制度和社會脈絡，於此日本學術界中新興的「司法政治學」學門，似乎是可以作為形塑司法積極化的方法論之一。而在社會的變動和制度的改革下，日本最高法院在2000年之後違憲審查權的行使漸漸有積極化的趨勢，從而本文樂觀的認為，應該可以期待未來日本最高法院能夠積極扮演「憲法守護者」的角色。

This Article attempts to research Japanese judicial review from historical perspective. Japanese judicial review imitated the concrete constitutional review from the U.S. However, compared to Supreme Court of the U.S, Supreme Court of Japan is considered too conservative, and suffered from “Judicial Restraint”. This Article attempts to research that what kind of conditions can make Supreme Court of Japan conservative, and what kind of conditions can make Supreme Court of Japan active. By arrange the critique from Japanese scholars, and argue that Judicial Restraint of Japan is due to all kind of political, society and defect of judicial institution. In this situation, although in 2001 Japanese scholars and people from society tried to propose “The Recommendations of the Justice System Reform Council”, but this Article considers that the suggestion is too narrow to observe the whole judicial systems and social context. It is also considers that “Judicial Politics” is the best way to research how to make Supreme Court of Japanese be more active. Because of the change of the society and the reform of the political after 2000s, Supreme Court of Japan gradually becomes more active, and this Article expects that Japanese Supreme Court would perfectly play the role of “Keeper of Constitution”.