因文取義與《春秋》筆削：方苞義法「言有序」之修辭詮釋   全文下載

Realizing Meanings According to the Content and the Record of Chun Ciou : the Explanation of the Rhetoric of Fang Bao’s Yan You Syu

孔子作《春秋》，以孟子觀之，其事，為所類比之事，往往以比事見義；其文，則所連屬之辭，可以因文取義。既有筆削損益，《春秋》之義遂隱寓於文字之所不載。若案以其文，核以其事，可以推見孔子《春秋》竊取之「義」。漢司馬遷《史記》稱孔子：「約其辭文，去其煩重，以制義法」；宋胡安國《春秋傳》稱《春秋》，為「史外傳心」之要典；朱熹謂《春秋》之微辭隱義，「都不說破」，「蓋有言外之意」。清章學誠《文史通義》所謂：「其事與文，所以藉為存義之資也。」經由比事與屬辭為媒介，可以考求《春秋》之微辭隱義。今執其一端，經由「即辭以觀義」，《春秋》之時措從宜，可以無傳而著。若再佐以方苞說《春秋》學之「參互相抵」，說《周官》學之「空曲交會」，以及論古文義法所謂「義以為經，而法緯之」，則方苞治學倡「貫徹諸經」，論文主「根柢經術」，兼經術文章而一之者，亦由此可見。

Confucius wrote Chun Ciou using the connection of history and patterns to present the meaning and interesting of the work. The saying of Chun Ciou having record and revision, was said in the aspect of choosing which history to write and modifying words. Because the written history had been chosen, and the words being modified, Chun Ciou wrote according to the reality that did not appreciate or depreciate directly. It’s meanings were mostly beyond the words. The “theorem” that Confucius hid in Chun Ciou becomes the principle for later ages to study Chun Ciou. The method of recording that Li Ji. Jing Jie proposed can interpret the paradox of the studying above: Chun Ciou can use the analogy and contrast to find the theorem of “hiding ideas beyond words”; Confucius chose words according to the incident when the wrote Chun Ciou, thus the later ages can get its hidden meanings by deliberating the modifying, increasing and decreasing of words when they study Chun Ciou. Zuo Jhuan interpret Chun Ciou by narrating its history. This paper quotes the narratives of Zuo Jhuan to highlight the recording of Chun Ciou. Meanwhile, with the assistant of fang bao’s studying of Chun Ciou, Jhou Guan and the related studying of paleography’s Yi Fa, using the methods of “how to write” and “writing in order” to finally find the “theorem” of Chun Ciou’s record. Therefore, this paper emphasis to re-interpret the theorem of Chun Ciou through the aspect of rhetoric.