影響私有地主參與自願性造林契約意願與補償額度因素之分析―以台南地區休耕農地為例

The Affecting Factors on Landlords' Willingness and Compensation Claims to Participate in the Voluntary Afforestation Payment Agreements - A Case of Fallow in Tainan

以面積為基礎之固定獎勵給付制度在政策執行上雖較為便利，但造林之土地區位、地理環境、氣候條件、景觀效益等差異造成給付不公，且易使應優先造林之私有土地並沒有來參與造林，進而降低政策執行之效益。目前先進國家，如美國與芬蘭等國家開始思考以市場導向為基礎的競價給付機制來獎勵造林。此自願申請給付機制除可降低政府之預算成本外，亦可達成政府對不同區位進行彈性給付之目的，提昇政策效益與環境效益。本研究探討若我國政府考慮採用自願申請給付機制，其影響地主自願申請契約之因素，以及影響地主之願受補償額度之因素。本研究對臺南地區之三百位私有地主進行問卷調查分析，並進行Heckman 二階段迴歸模型分析，其結果顯示，女性、年齡較大之地主、家庭成員數越多、對環境態度與認知越重視、對契約期間、契約補償金額以及規定樹種較為重視之地主，其申請造林契約之意願較高。而擁有較大農地面積、距離市區越遠之農地地主，其最低願受補償額度較高，另外，女性地主與教育程度較高之農地地主之最低願受補償額度較低。教育程度較高之農地地主對環境價值感受與偏好較強，故要求較低之補償額度。本研究結果亦顯示，對環境價值越重視之地主，願意接受比一般水準較低之補償額度，顯示此自願性申請給付機制比起傳統單一定價機制或由上而下之政策，更具有成本效率。

Conventionally, it is easier to execute the afforestation payment agreement in which the payments are fixed and depend on the afforestation area size. However, the payments are unfair due to differences of land locations, geographical environment, climate condition, landscape benefit, and so on. In addition, it also leads to that the private landowners with priority for afforestation are not willing to participate in afforestation, further decreasing the benefits of policy execution. The advanced countries (such as USA, Finland, etc.) have started thinking over market-orient auction payment agreements to reward afforestation. Aside from decreasing the budget cost of the government, such a voluntary afforestation payment agreement can achieve the goal of making flexible payments with respect to different area locations, and raise the policy benefit and environmental benefit. In this study, we investigate the factors of affecting landowners’ intention to sign the agreement contact and the amount of willingness to be rewarded, if the Taiwan government applies the voluntary afforestation payment agreement. This study surveyed 300 private landowners in Tainan, and conducted the Heckman two-step estimation method on the surveyed data. The analysis results show that female landowners, elder landowners, and those with more family members pay more attention to their attitude and cognition toward the environment; the landowners that pay more attention to the contract duration, the contract payment amount, as well as the contracted tree species have higher willingness to apply for the afforestation agreement. The landowners with larger-size farmland and those with land farther away from urban districts would like higher willingness to pay. In addition, female and highly-educated landowners have lower willingness to pay. Since highly-educated landowners have stronger reception and preferences for environmental value, they request a smaller payment amount. The analysis results also show that the landowners that emphasize environmental value are willing to accept the payment amount lower than the standard amount, showing that the voluntary afforestation payment agreement has more cost effectiveness than conventional uniform pricing programs or top-down policies.