阿圖塞的社會形構分析：多重決定、意識形態召喚與階級鬥爭

Louis Althusser’s Analysis of Social Formation: Overdetermination, Ideological Interpellation, and Class Struggle

本文以阿圖塞1960年代人本主義論爭到1970年代中期自我批判時期的書寫為範圍，闡述阿圖塞在這段時期所發展的歷史唯物論中，關於社會形構的發生、維持與轉變的分析架構。前言之後的第二部分藉由釐清「多重決定」、「結構因果性」、「支配性結構」、「最後層級的決定」等核心概念，說明阿圖塞如何以複雜、不均衡的總體對抗黑格爾式的簡單整體，以及後者所支撐的經濟決定論。第三部分首先探討阿圖塞在生產關係再生產的問題意識中所提出的意識形態國家機器與主體召喚問題；其次則檢視阿圖塞將「階級鬥爭」重新帶入其社會形構分析，是否及如何回應了批評者所指出的結構主義傾向。

This essay aims at elaborating on Louis Althusser’s analysis of social formation, developed in his writings during the period between the 1960s to the mid-1970s, with an emphasis on the questions of emergence, endurance and transformation. Following the foreword, the second part illustrates how Althusser manages to confront the Hegelian totality with his complex and uneven social whole via a series of categories such as overdetermination, structural causality, structure in domination, and determination in the last instance. The third part clarifies the ways in which Althusser proposes to address the question of ideology and subject within the problematic of the necessity of reproducing the relation of production in each social formation. The last part focuses on how Althusser brings "class struggle" back into his analysis of social formation and whether/how this constitutes a response to those charges against his static structuralism.