伽達瑪論詞語的構成

Gadamer on the Formation of Words

本文探討伽達瑪的《真理與方法》語言哲學的部分，如何從上帝的語言，過渡到人類生活世界和實際應用構成的語言。當中「語言和概念的構成」(Sprache und Begriffsbildung)一節，剛好處於這個轉折的中間位置，它往上承接前半部分關於語言普遍性、邏各斯(Logos)、甚至上帝語言的討論，往下開展出語言的思辨結構，以及詮釋歷史意識的討論，故此扮演了一個關鍵的角色。然而，由於伽達瑪旁徵博引，不少論證過程未盡清晰，增加理解的困難。有鑒於學界近年研究伽達瑪哲學的興趣，本文重點處理伽達瑪如何從奧古斯丁(Augustinus of Hippo)的內在語詞論(verbum interius)，轉向尼古拉(Nikolausvon Cues)的創造語詞(verbum creans)，即從上帝語言的完整性，轉向人類語言的創造性，從而說明人類語言在不同文化、歷史、生活世界，對詞語概念構成的作用。另外，本文就一些伽達瑪提出，但未有清楚解釋的重要概念，提供梳理和解讀，即活的暗喻(lebendige Metapher)和語言投影(sprachliche Abschattung)，以幫助理解伽達瑪的語言哲學這個轉折如何發生，以及其對詮釋學的意義。本文會對比伽達瑪提到的一些原始文獻，如古希臘哲學、中古神學、胡塞爾的著作，補充解釋這三個重要概念。而這些解釋，最終也是為幫助理解伽達瑪的語言哲學以至整套詮釋學，作出貢獻。

This article examines how Gadamer's philosophy of language in the third part of his Truth and Method turns from God’s language to the constitution of language in the human life-world and application. The section "language as concept construction” has a key position in this turn: it continues the discussion about the universality of language, logos, and God’s language from the previous sections, and it opens up discussions about the speculative structure and effective history consciousness in the following ones. However, there is difficulty in understanding Gadamer’s thought due to the unclarity or brevity of some of his arguments and references. In view of the great interest in the idea of verbum interius in recent years, this article tries to explain how Gadamer turns from verbum interius in Augustine to verbum creans of Nikolaus von Cues, i.e. from the perfect language in God to the creativity of human language, so as to demonstrate how human language in different cultures, history and life world constitutes language and concepts. Finally, this article offers explanations to two other key ideas, namely "linguistic adumbration” and "living metaphor”, which are of importance for understanding Gadamer’s philosophy of language but are insufficiently explained.