台灣創設罷工預告制度之論辯──美國勞資爭議處理機制和理念之啟示

Debates over the Establishment of the Union Strike Notice in Taiwan: Inspiration from the U.S. Labor Law and its Ideology

近來之勞資爭議，激起工會罷工前是否要先對雇主、民眾進行預告之討論。呼籲應增列預告制度的意見不在少數，但亦有相當論述認為，衡酌工會微弱之力量和罷工要件限制，預告不但欠缺必要性，也可能造成勞資力量失衡。而進一步分析後，可發現罷工預告其實具多重影響面向，除了勞資武器平等考量，其亦有推進勞資爭議進展和對話之效果。又因罷工將涉及第三方，外溢之民眾影響亦為無法迴避的挑戰。罷工預告制度，其實是相當複雜的問題，應該綜合分析之。本文主張，罷工預告之論辯，不宜單純以要、不要的是非題來作結，而應用更開放的選擇題方式來討論並對話，如此一來不論是支持或者反對此制度的論點，都能更有深度和廣度，也能促進社會對勞資爭議政策之思辨和理解。美國爭議處理制度設計和關鍵理念—經濟武器對等，可用來分析本土已有經立法設計平衡過的爭議處理機制時，如要增加新制度，應如何進行勞資重平衡，使勞資仍有足夠誘因使用團體協商平台解決勞資爭議。本文結論則試圖在美國經驗下，對照本土勞資關係，草擬能兼顧多重面向的預告制度以作為現行法之對照組，觀察若有預告制度，可能出現之新勞資平衡。期待透過正反兩方之論辯，和美國法之運作經驗，引導出更深入、多元的討論。

This article aims to exam the argumentations on whether to establish union strike notice under the current Taiwan labor law regime. The debates over this issue focused mainly on the necessity of requiring union conduct further notice before the actual strike commences. The supporting argument points out that the general public deserves a clue of the industrial action to refrain themselves from the uncertainty. The refuting points of view, however, believe that the strike notice is inappropriate due to the unbalance negotiating power between the employer and the union. Furthermore, it emphasizes that by following the multiple legal pre-requirements to conduct a legal strike, the action itself already constitutes a pretty strong“de facto strike notice”to the employer and the general public.To shed light on this particular debate and lead to a complete discussion, the author believes the answer to the prospects of the union strike notice should not rest on a“right or wrong answer”, but a“multiple choice portfolio.”This paper suggests that a proper union strike notice, from the inspiration of the U.S. labor law, should weight the balance between the employer and the union with the ideology of fair economic weapon. Thestrike notice should, moreover, capable of bringing out the“semi-strike effect,”which can stimulate the economic pressure of the actual strike and urge the conflicting parties to compromise voluntarily, as the actual strike may do. An adequately designed strike notice rule can also serve the general public’s demand on prior notification of the industrial action without jeopardizing the negotiating parties.The research concludes with a bill of union strike notice for the Taiwan society. It is not the author’s intention to advocate the strike notice amendment, but to utilize the bill to trigger more discussions among different augmentations. Hopefully, this article could be a fundamental reference for future related studies and bring out further dialogue regards to this debate.