國家、權力與知識的本土化：台灣民族學／人類學之農業研究回顧

The Localisation of Nation, Power and Knowledge: A Review of Agricultural Studies on Ethnological / Anthropological Perspectives in Taiwan

本文以「權力與知識」、知識、科學民主化與本土化作為理論對話工具，首先回顧西方民族學／人類學之農業研究，分析社會達爾文、文化相對論、經濟人類學、文化生態、發展研究、後發展研究等理論，作為理解其學術脈絡之背景知識。再者，回顧台灣以民族學／人類學之農業研究，從科學化研究發軔階段、戰後復員導向研究階段、原漢農村研究並重階段、農業研究多元化階段理解其學術研究演變。此外，亦回顧筆者博論田野地－宜蘭三星的農業研究，整理出近年來的研究趨勢。研究結果發現，無論是西方或台灣，「國家」治理一直扮演著關鍵的角色，從使民間知識不是被權力塑造，就是自我賦權，創造出自己的知識／話語權。而台灣民族學／人類學之農業研究，就在權力與知識的交織下，促成知識民主化、科學民主化與學術本土化的結構轉變，此有助於使民族學／人類學研究更為多元，同時「由下而上」使農業政策建議落實「人」的關懷。

This research adopts 'power and knowledge', knowledge democratisation, scientific democratisation, and localisation as theoretical tools. Firstly, this research reviews the western ethno-/ anthropological studies on agriculture and analyses Social Darwinism, cultural relativism, economic anthropology, cultural ecology, development studies, post-development studies, etc. for realising the western academic background. Second, this research reviews Taiwan's ethno-/ anthropological studies on agriculture to realise the change of academic research by stages of: the beginning of scientific research, the post-war demobilization- oriented research, the emphasis on indigenous and Han Chinese's rural studies, and diversified agricultural research. Besides, this research also reviews the author's doctoral study field - the agricultural studies in Sanxing Township, Yilan, and attempts to show the research tendency. The result shows that no matter what in the West or Taiwan, the 'national' governance always plays an important role on either folk knowledge being created by power or being empowered by folk themselves to create their knowledge/ the-right-to-speak. While ethno-/ anthropological studies on agriculture in Taiwan is mingled with power and knowledge, it facilitates the structural change by knowledge democratised, scientific democratised and academic localised which such change is helpful to make ethno-/ anthropological studies more diversified and 'bottoms up' the agricultural policies to implement the concern to 'human beings' simultaneously.