原住民族傳統智慧創作之歸屬與運用︰集體財產管理制度之探討

Entitlement and Applications of the Indigenous Traditional Cultural Creations：An Overview of the Collective Management System by Chu-Cheng HUANG, Ying-Tsui CHIU

於原住民族財產意識中，個人勞動的價值以及最後勞動成果的歸屬，取決於部族哲學對於該生產結果之評價。此由內含大量社群文化元素與族群共同歷史記憶的原住民族傳統智慧創作，在實踐上時常是以集體管理之方式被呈現與運用，可以得證。是以，其歸屬、利用、揭露與管理收益，並不能單以市民法下的智慧財產權觀念加以判斷，而必須輔以多元文化主義及原住民族人權保障的觀點。原住民族傳統智慧創作不應單純套用市民法智慧財產權制度之解釋，被無條件地視為完全供所有人自由近用之公共領域。基此，本文首先探討原住民族財產權意識的特殊性，以及原住民族傳統智慧創作之歸屬與市民法下著作權權利歸屬之歧異。接續論述在運用原住民族傳統智慧創作的過程中，集體管理制度成型的制度背景，除佐以相關國際制度之發展外，亦比較台灣於「原住民族基本法」、「原住民族傳統智慧創作保護條例」等法規接連制定後之制度現況。然後分析對特定無體財產權採取集體管理制度之實例，以及在集體管理制度下，運用原住民族傳統智慧創作進行商業性及非商業性應用、授權之個案與模式，透過實證分析，對原住民族傳統智慧創作集體管理制度，提出政策面向與部落內部管理面向上的建議。文末則是以關於台灣本土具體實踐的討論，呈現台灣原住民族傳統智慧創作集體管理制度之願景。

Under the indigenous property consciousness, the entitlement and conferment depend not upon the insertion of labor, but the evaluation and measurement of the tribal community through their communal philosophy. Therefore, consensus over such conferment is usually reflected in their collectivemanagement system over communal property, which includes the formality of ownership, the ways of utilization, and the benefit sharing. Multiculturalism and indigenous human rights consequently play indivisible roles in determining the entitlement, which also evidences the scope of public domain would not be decided upon single factor such as economic efficiency only.This article will start with the peculiarity of the indigenous property system including the traditional cultural creations, mainly their diversity to the civil law IP regime. Then the formation and context of collective management system would be deplored by way of comparing domestic and international materials. Finally, some field researches over current collective management practices pertaining to the application and licensing in the indigenous community in Taiwan will be introduced, so to conclude with suggestions both policy-wise and infrastructural-wise.